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Year 1 MBChB Cardiology > Arrhythmias + Cardiomyopathy > Flashcards

Arrhythmias + Cardiomyopathy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classes of arrhythmias?

A

Supraventricular

Ventricular

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2
Q

What are ectopic beats?

A

Beats/rhythms that originate outwith the SA node

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3
Q

Triggered activity is caused by?

A

Afterdepolarisations

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4
Q

EADS + DADs are associated with which phases and speed of HR?

A

EADs (phase 2/3 and slow) DADs (phase 4 and fast)

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5
Q

Re-entry circuits are formed by … and can cause what 2 things?

A

Fibrous rings and heart block or arrhythmia

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6
Q

List the investigations you would do for arrythmias?

A

ECG/exercise ECG/24hr ECG
CXR
Echocardiogram
EP study (induce arrhythmia)

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7
Q

How would acute AVRNT and AVRT be managed?

A

Vagal manoeuvres (vasalva), carotid massage
IV adenosine
IV verapamil

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8
Q

WPW is an examples of a + ECG sign?

A

AVRT + delta wave

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9
Q

What is the treatment of choice for managing chronic arrhythmias?

A

Radiofrequency ablation

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10
Q

Which drugs must be stopped before radiofrequency ablation?

A

Antiarrhythmic drugs 3-5 days beforehand

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11
Q

What is notorious for causing AV block in young people?

A

Cytomegalovirus

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12
Q

Describe 1st degree AV block

A

PR > 0.2 seconds

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13
Q

Describe 2nd degree Mobitz 1 AV block

A

PR lengthens until a QRS is dropped

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14
Q

Describe 2nd degree Mobitz 2 AV block

A

2:1 or 3:1 P waves conduct

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15
Q

Describe 3rd degree AV block

A

P waves without QRS complexes

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16
Q

What 2 heart blocks needs pacing + drug that can be used for heart block?

A

Mobitz II and 3rd degree + atropine

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17
Q

What is the difference between monomorphic and polymorphic VT?

A

QRS complex looks similar in monomorphic VT

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18
Q

How would acute VT be treated?

A

DC cardioversion if unstable

IV Adenosine if unsure

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19
Q

What are the 3 classifications of AF?

A

Paroxysmal
Persistent
Permanent

20
Q

Define paroxysmal AF

A

Lasting less than 48 hours

21
Q

Define persistent AF

A

Greater than 48 hours which can be cardioverted to normal sinus rhythm

22
Q

Define permanent AF

A

AF that is unable to be restored to normal sinus rhythm via pharma + non pharmacological methods

23
Q

What is meant by lone AF?

A

AF where a cause cannot be found

24
Q

What would a typical ECG of AF show?

A

Rate greater than 300 bpm
Irregularly QRS
P waves absent

25
Q

What would a typical ECG of atrial flutter show?

A

Rate greater than 300 bpm
Regular QRS
P waves absent
Saw tooth F wave

26
Q

Drugs for rate control in AF?

A

B blockers
Verapamil, diltiazem
Digoxin

27
Q

2 methods of rhythm control in AF?

A

Amiodarone

DC cardioversion

28
Q

What score is used to evaluate if an AF patient needs anti-coagulated + explain + key value?

A

CHA2DS2VASC
CHF, Hypertension, Age (>75), Diabetes, Stroke, Vascular, Age (>65), Sex/Category
Score > 2 needs anticoagulation

29
Q

AF is associated with people with?

A

Hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis

30
Q

Treatment for sinus bradycardia and sick sinus syndrome?

A

Atropine (acute) then pacing

31
Q

Torsades des Pointes is a …. and is treated with + associated with which 2 inherited conditions?

A

Polymorphic VT and IV magnesium sulphate + Long QT and Brugada

32
Q

Size of AVRNT and AVRT circuit?

A 
AVRNT = microcircuit
AVRT = macrocircuit
33
Q

Sinus bradycardia can be caused by what 3 things?

A

Athleticism, beta blockers or ischemia

34
Q

SVTs have a …. QRS complex?

A

Narrow

35
Q

2 drugs that can cause heart block?

A

Beta blockers and CCBs

36
Q

Sinus arrhythmia is caused by?

A

Heart rate changing on inspiration

37
Q

Appearance of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Big flabby heart

38
Q

2 causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Genetics and alochol

39
Q

Explain the mechanism of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy/HOCUM + diastolic or systolic dysfunction?

A

Heart is strong but unable to relax + diastolic

40
Q

Bulging septum and irregular fibres?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

41
Q

SCD in athlete cardiomyopathy?

A

Hypertrophic

42
Q

Cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy + example?

A

Deposits of foreign material + amyloid

43
Q

ARVD cause + usually presents as?

A

Ventricle walls replaced by fat + SCD in athletes

44
Q

Biatrial dilation?

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

45
Q

AL amyloid?

A

Immunoglobulin light chain

46
Q

AA amyloid?

A

RA

Year 1 MBChB Cardiology (15 decks)

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