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Cardiorespiratory CC > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

How to measure HR

A

No. of R waves in 15 large squares

Multiply by 20

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2
Q

Normal HR

A

60-80 BPM

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3
Q

What does differing RR intervals mean

A

Heart block

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4
Q

How big should P wave be

A

No more than 2 small squares

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5
Q

What does PR interval signify

A

Time between start of depolarisation of atria and start of depolarisation of ventricles

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6
Q

How long should PR interval be

A

120-200ms

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7
Q

PR interval > 200ms

A

Heart Block

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8
Q

Prolonged PR interval

A

Hypokalaemia, Acute rheumatic fever, Carditis

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9
Q

QRS wave is indicator of

A

Indicator of the synchronisation of the contraction of the ventricular muscle

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10
Q

QRS duration

A

Less than 120ms

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11
Q

Long QRS duration means

A

Part of ventricle not contracting properly

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12
Q

Lengthened QT interval meaning

A

Ventricular arrhythmia

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13
Q

Large ECG signal signifies

A

Muscle membrane potential changing

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14
Q

Epicardial AP length (outside) vs Endocardial AP length (inside)

A

Epicardial shorter

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15
Q

Which part of muscle more susceptible to ischaemia

A

Endocardial–> reduces duration

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16
Q

Endocardial muscle layer

A

inside

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17
Q

Epicardial muscle layer

A

outside

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18
Q

If endocardial becomes shorter compared to epicardial

A

Inverted T wave

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19
Q

Class 1 Anti-arrhythmic drugs

A

Na+ channel blockers

20
Q

Class 2 Anti-arrhythmic drugs

A

Beta blockers

21
Q

Class 3 Anti-arrhythmic drugs

A

K+ channel blockers

22
Q

Class 4 Anti-arrhythmic drugs

A

Calcium channel blockers

23
Q

Sinus Bradycardia

A

HR less than 60bpm

24
Q

Sinus Tachycardia

A

HR more than 100bpm

Originates from SA node

25
Q

Ventricular tachycardia

A

180-190bpm
Prolonged QRS
No P wave seen
Regular same pattern

26
Q

Ventricular tachycardia reasons

A

Abnormal tissues in ventricles generating rapid + irregular heart rhythm

27
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Irregular rhythm
300+ BPM
No QRS
No P wave

28
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation reasons

A

Different parts of heart contracting at different times
Desynchronisation
Irregular pattern and amplitude

29
Q

First Degree Heart block

A

PR interval >200ms

Regular rate

30
Q

First Degree Heart block reasons

A

AV node problem- can be v sensitive to electrolyte changes

31
Q

Second Degree Heart block TYPE 1 (Wenkenback)

A

PR interval gets progressively longer until P wave not followed by QRS
Repeats

32
Q

Second Degree Heart block TYPE 2

A

P wave regular
Rate irregularly irregular
AV node randomly fails to respond to atrial impulses
Often damage to AV node

33
Q

Third Degree Heart Block

A

P waves random
May have bradycardia
No induction from atria to ventricles- ventricles generate own signal
QRS split

34
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A 
100-160 BPM
Irregularly irregular rhythm
Normal QRS
No P wave
Abnormal aortic tissue- multiple excitatory focuses
35
Q

Atrial Flutter

A

High HR (110BPM)
Regular rhythm
P wave replaced by multiple F (flutter) waves
Abnormal tissue is in atria- but only one abnormal excitatory focus

36
Q

Junctional rhythm

A

Damage to SA node/block in conduction pathway in atria
AV node takes over as pacemaker
40-60 BPM
Normally absent P wave

37
Q

Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)

A

140-220 BPM
P wave absent/preceding T wave
Higher frequency impulses at AV node

38
Q

AV node re-entrant tachycardia

A

W>M
P wave hidden in QRS complex, or seen after
Palpitations

39
Q

Depressed ST segments

A

Coronary ischaemia

Hypokalaemia

40
Q

STEMI

A

ST elevation in 2 or more adjacent ECG leads

80bpm

41
Q

NSTEMI

A

less serious

areas of cardiac ischaemia but not necessarily death

42
Q

Right Bundle Branch Block

A

Problem with right side of heart

43
Q

Left Bundle Branch Block

A

Indication of heart disease

44
Q

Bundle Branch block

A

QRS Prolonged
Depolarisation delay through ventricular muscle
Usually due to hypoxia/ischaemia damage
Notch on R wave

45
Q

Pathological Q wave

A

Larger than normal Q wave

Damage to muscle of interventricular septum

Cardiorespiratory CC (34 decks)

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