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Cardiorespiratory CC > Lower Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Common LRTIs

A

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Influenza

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2
Q

Acute Bronchitis Aetiology

A

90% viruses

10% bacteria

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3
Q

Acute bronchitis viruses

A 
Adenovirus 
Coronavirus
Parainfluenza
Influenza
Rhinovirus
Severe bronchiolitis (children <2)- respiratory syncytial virus
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4
Q

Acute bronchiolitis bacteria

A

Bordetella pertussis

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

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5
Q

Acute bronchitis symptoms

A

Sore throat
Fatigue
Fever
Body ache

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6
Q

Inflammation of bronchi

A

Viral RNA recognised by TLR3 and RIG-I-like receptors
Release of inflammatory mediators + chemokines
Type I IFNs upregulate pro-apoptotic factors in epithelial cells
TNF alpha + chemokines recruit NK cells + PMNs that kill infected cells

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7
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the alveoli in either or both lungs

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8
Q

Pneumonia Aetiology

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae most frequent causative agent

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9
Q

S. Pneumoniae antibiotic resistance

A

Penicillin 10%

Macrolides 15%

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10
Q

Pneumonia pathophysiology

A

Recognition of S. Pneumoniae by APC cells
Th1, Th2 + Th17
Activation of antibodies
Upper airway exposure- mainly IgA response

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11
Q

Th1

A

Activation of respiration macrophages

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12
Q

Th2

A

Production of specific antibodies
IgA
IgG

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13
Q

Th17

A

Neutrophilic infiltrate of lungs- essential components for protection against S. Pneumoniae

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14
Q

Loss of Barrier Function

A

Between alveoli and capillaries

May lead to spread of infection (sepsis) and systemic immune response

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15
Q

Pneumonia diagnosis

A 
Physical exam
Complete blood count
Sputum culture
Urine test
PCR
CT scan
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16
Q

Pneumonia problems with diagnosis

A

High glycosylation + structural variability of surface G protein impedes immune recognition
Release of soluble G protein= binds virus-specific antibodies –> decrease virus-specific antibody concentrations available for virus neutralisation

17
Q

Pneumonia Chest X Ray

A

Interstitial + alveolar infiltrates in a peripheral distribution
New focal chest signs
Lung shadowing

18
Q

Pneumonia treatment

A

Antibiotics

19
Q

Pneumonia prevention

A 
Routine immunisation
Breastfeeding first 6 months
Safe drinking water
Good nutrition
Recognising signs
20
Q

Pneumonia symptoms

A 
3-4 week duration
Headache
Fever
Weakness
Dry cough
Nasal congestion
Chills

Cardiorespiratory CC (34 decks)

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