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Biochem Topic list I > 1.10 Metabolism of fructose and galactose > Flashcards

1.10 Metabolism of fructose and galactose Flashcards

1
Q

Synthesis of fructose is called…

A

Fructogenesis

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2
Q

Give the steps of fructogenesis

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Sorbitol
  3. Fructose
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3
Q
A
  • Aldose reductase
  • NADH + H+ → NAD+
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4
Q
A
  • Sorbitol dehydrogenase
  • NAD+ → NADH + H+
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5
Q

Draw fructogenesis

A
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6
Q

Draw fructolysis in humans

A
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7
Q

Draw fructolysis in animals

A
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8
Q

Fructogenesis occurs in which location(s)?

A
  • Placenta of ungulates
  • Seminal vesicle

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Give the types of fructolysis

A
  • Endogenous
    • Placenta of un.
    • Seminal vesicle
  • Exogenous
    • Sucrose → Fructose + glucose
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10
Q

Give the steps of fructolysis (Oxidised in animals)

A
  1. Fructose
  2. Fructose-1-phosphate
  3. Glyceraldehyde
  4. Glycerate
  5. Glycerate-2-phosphate
  6. GL/GNG
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11
Q

Fructolysis occurs in which location(s)?

A

Liver cytoplasm

Absorption into the liver via GLUT-5

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12
Q

Give the steps of fructolysis (Reduced in humans)

A
  1. Fructose
  2. Fructose-1-phosphate
  3. Glyceraldehyde
  4. Glycerol
  5. Glycerol-3-phosphate
  6. Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
  7. GNG/GL
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13
Q
A
  • Fructokinase
  • ATP → ADP
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14
Q
A

Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase

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15
Q
A

Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase

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16
Q
A
  • Aldehyde dehydrogenase
  • H2O →
  • NAD+ → NADH + H+

Oxidation - Animals

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17
Q
A
  • Glycerate kinase
  • ATP → ADP

Oxidation - Animals

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18
Q

Draw galactolysis

A
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19
Q
A
  • Alcohol Dehydrogenase
  • NADH + H+ → NAD+
20
Q
A
  • Glycerol kinase
  • ATP → ADP
21
Q
A
  • Glycerol-3-phosphate DH
  • NAD+ → NADH + H+
22
Q

Draw galactogenesis

A
23
Q

Sources of galactose

A
  • Lactose
  • Chondroitin sulphate
24
Q

Give the steps of galactogenesis → Forming lactose

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose-6-phosphate
  3. Glucose-1-phosphate
  4. UDP Glucose
  5. 1-UDP-galactose
  6. Lactose-1-phosphate
  7. Lactose
25
Q

Give the steps of galactogenesis → Forming chondroitin sulphate

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose-6-phosphate
  3. Glucose-1-phosphate
  4. UDP Glucose
  5. 1-UDP-galactose
  6. 2-amino-1-UDP-galactose
  7. N-acetyl-2-amino-1-UDP-galactose
  8. Chondroitin
26
Q
A
  • Hexokinase
  • ATP → ADP
27
Q
A

Phosphoglucomutase

28
Q
A
  • UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
  • UTP → PPi
29
Q
A

4-epimerase

30
Q
A
  • Lactose-1-phosphate synthase
  • Glu-1-p → UDP
31
Q
A
  • Lactose-1-phosphate phosphatase
  • → Pi
32
Q
A

Gln → Glu

33
Q
A

AcCoA → HSCoA

34
Q
A

UDP-glucuronate → UDP

35
Q

Galactogenesis occurs in…

A
  • Mammary gland (Lactose)
  • Bone/cartilage (Chondroitin sulphate)
36
Q

Lactolysis occurs in…

A

Small intestine

37
Q

Give the steps of galactolysis

A
  1. Galactose
  2. Galactose-1-phosphate
  3. UDP-galactose
  4. UDP-glucose
38
Q
A
  • Galactokinase
  • ATP → ADP
39
Q
A
  • Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl-transferase
  • UDP-glucose → Glucose-1-phosphate
40
Q
A

4-epimerase

41
Q

After galactolysis, the UDP-glucose is used in…

A
  • Glycogenesis
  • Chondroitin sulphate
  • Lactogenesis
42
Q

Give the composition of milk

A
  • Dry matter = 13 %
    • Milk protein = 3.3 %
    • Milk fat = 3.5 %
    • Milk sugar = 4.8%
  • Water = 87%
43
Q

List the proteins found in milk

A
  • Casein
  • α-lactalbumins
  • β-lactalbumins
  • Milk serum albumin
  • Immunoglobulins
44
Q

List the fats found in milk

A
  • Triacylglycerols
  • FFA
  • Cholesterol
45
Q

Effect of cellulose on milk fat

A
  1. Cellulose ↑
  2. Saliva production ↑
  3. pH ↑
  4. Microbial growth ↑
  5. Milk fat ↑
46
Q

Effect of forage on milk fat

A
  1. Forage ↑
  2. Starch ↑
  3. pH ↓
  4. Propionic acid ↑
  5. Milk fat ↓

Biochem Topic list I (28 decks)

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