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Associate Ambulance Practitioner > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

mechanics of respiration

A
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2
Q

Respiratory Centres

A

Medulla Oblongata:

•

•Medullary Rhythmicity Centre

•

Pons Varolli:

•

  • Pneumotaxic Centre
  • Apneustic Centre
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3
Q

Fill in the Gaps……

Structurally, the ___________ __________ is split into _____ halves. The ________ and _______ respiratory tract. The upper consists of everything above the ________ __________. The lower respiratory tract is everything below the ___________ cartilage

A

Fill in the Gaps…… Structurally, the respiratory System is split into Two halves. The Upper and Lower respiratory tract. The upper consists of everything above the cricoid cartilage The lower respiratory tract is everything below the Cricoid cartilage

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4
Q

List the seven structures the respiratory system is made up of:-

A

Nose

Mouth

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

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5
Q

The nose is mostly constructed of what?

A

Cartilage

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6
Q

Fill in the gaps…… The mouth ( or _______ __________ ) starts at the lips and is

continuous with the _____________ posteriorly. The roof of the mouth is made

up of the ______ and _______ __________, with the floor made up of mostly _____

________ including the ________. The tongue is a muscular, non-compressible

tissue that attaches to the ___________, ___________ process and ________ bone

A

Fill in the gaps…… The mouth ( or Oral Cavity ) starts at the lips and is

continuous with the oropharynx posteriorly. The roof of the mouth is made

up of the Hard and soft palate with the floor made up of mostly soft

Tissue including the Tongue, The tongue is a muscular, non-compressible

tissue that attaches to the Mandible stylohyoid process and hyoid bone.

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7
Q

What three structures combine to make the Pharynx?

A

nasopharynx

oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

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8
Q

Briefly describe the anatomy of the Nasopharynx and explain its physiology within the respiratory system

A

The nasopharynx is located at the back of the nasal cavity

Mostly skeleton muscle on either side

Soft Palate rises to ensure food doesn’t rise up inyo nasal cavity

Tonsils

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9
Q

Label the diagram,

A
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10
Q

Fill in the gaps to describe the anatomy and explain the physiology of the larynx…..

The larynx is suspended from the ________ _______ above and

the ________ below, by a series of ___________ and ____________. During

____________ it moves upwards and forwards causing the __________ to swing

downwards, effectively closing the laryngeal inlet while at the same time opening

the ____________.

A

Fill in the gaps to describe the anatomy and explain the physiology of the larynx…..

The larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone above and

the trachea below, by a series of membranes and ligaments. During

Swallowing it moves upwards and forwards causing the epiglottis to swing

downwards, effectively closing the laryngeal inlet while at the same time opening

the oesophagus

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11
Q

In an adult the trachea is approximately how long?

A

12-15cm long 2.5cm wide

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12
Q

Which bronchus is more vertical, wider and shorter?

A

Right

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13
Q

lable

A
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14
Q

Fill in the gaps to describe the anatomy and explain the physiology of the lungs…..

The lungs are a pair of spongy, ________ __________ _________

located in the ___________ cavity. They are separated by the _______________.

The lungs are covered by _________, which consists of two layers: the ___________

pleura which covers the wall of the __________ cavity and the __________ pleura

which covers the lungs. In between is the _________ cavity a __________ space

A

Fill in the gaps to describe the anatomy and explain the physiology of the lungs…..

The lungs are a pair of spongy, cone shaped organs

located in the thoracic cavity. They are separated by the Mediastinum

The lungs are covered by Pleura which consists of two layers: the parietal

pleura which covers the wall of the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleura

which covers the lungs. In between is the Plural cavity a potential space

filled with a Fluid to prevent Friction and allow them

Slide over each other during breathing

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15
Q

What is the Mediastinum and what does it contain?

A

Heart

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16
Q

Why is the left lung smaller and has only two lobes?

A

Heart sits over to the left

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17
Q

Lable

A
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18
Q

The lungs are divided by deep grooves known as?

A

Fissures

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19
Q

Fill in the gaps……… Each lobe of the lung has its own ______________ branch

(bronchus), branching from the right and left bronchi. These divide into __________

bronchi, each supplying a segment of lung ( __________________ segment). Within

these are smaller components called ___________, within which are ___ - ____

respiratory units where __________ ___________ occurs. ________________ units

emerge from the __________ ___________ and consist of several respiratory

bronchioles, these subdivide into alveolar ducts and finally _______.

A

Fill in the gaps……… Each lobe of the lung has its own Bronchus branch

(bronchus), branching from the right and left bronchi. These divide into two

bronchi, each supplying a segment of lung broncus segment). Within

these are smaller components called lobule, within which are __3_ - _5___

respiratory units where gas exchange occurs. ________________ units

emerge from the terminal bronchioles and consist of several respiratory

bronchioles, these subdivide into alveolar ducts and finally Alveoli

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20
Q

There are around ______-______ million alveoli in each lung.

A

140-150 Million

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21
Q

Special sensory neurons called chemoreceptors are located where?

A

Medulla oblong

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22
Q

Temperature of air is increased as it passes through the nose during breathing, what

else is increased?

A

Humidity

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23
Q

Complete the table/ put the components in the order inhaled air would pass, starting with the larynx:

A

Larynx

Trachea

carina

left and right primary bronchus

secondary broncus

Tertiary

Bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

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24
Q

Briefly describe the functions of the:

a) conducting portion and
b) respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

The conducting airways, which serve to conduct, clean, warm, and moisten the air. This portion is composed of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

The respiratory airways, which facilitate gas exchange. These are located entirely within the lung and are represented by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

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25
Q

List the four functions of the Respiratory system:

A

Extract oxygen O2 from air transfer to blood

Excrete water and CO2

Maintain acid base

Ventilate lungs

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26
Q

List and briefly describe the three steps of respiration:

A

Pulmonary ventilation

External respiration

Internal respiration

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27
Q

Air moves from areas of _________ pressure to areas of _______ pressure.

A

Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of Low pressure.

28
Q

During normal quiet respiration, movement of the diaphragm which increases

volume in the thoracic cavity is responsible for ______ % of air entering the lungs.

A

During normal quiet respiration, movement of the diaphragm which increases

volume in the thoracic cavity is responsible for 75 % of air entering the lungs

29
Q

During normal quiet respiration, movement of the diaphragm which increases

volume in the thoracic cavity is responsible for 75 % of air entering the lungs.

Q8 The remaining 25% of air entering the lungs is a result of?

A

The remaining 25% of air entering the lungs is a result of?

External intercostal control

30
Q

Q9 During normal quiet respiration breathing out ( exhalation ) is a __________ process.

A

During normal quiet respiration breathing out (exhalation) is a passive process

31
Q

Inhaled atmospheric air is made up of: - complete the table

A

Oxygen (O₂)

20%

nitrogen

79%

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

0.04%

Inert

0.006%

32
Q

What are the two key characteristics of diffusion?

A

occurs from High to low

diffusion both areas the same

33
Q

Respiration is controlled by the nervous system in two ways, voluntary and

Autonomic, briefly describe each:

A

Voluntary control

Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus

Autonomic control

Pons varolii

Medulla oblong, basic breathing phrenic and intercostal nerves

34
Q

Fill in the gaps…. The respiratory centres containing the _____________ and

_______________ neurons are influenced by __________ input from _________

around the _________. ___________ ____________ prevent the lungs from being

_______________ and others are linked to receptors that can detect ___________,

Stimulating the respiratory centres to __________ ventilation during exercise.

A

Fill in the gaps…. The respiratory centres containing the inspiratory and

Expiratory neurons are influenced by sensory input from nerves

around the body stretch receptors prevent the lungs from being

overinflated and others are linked to receptors that can detect movement

Stimulating the respiratory centres to increase ventilation during exercise.

35
Q

Breathing is also regulated by partial pressure of what elements within the blood?

A

Oxygen Pao2

Carbon dioxide PaCO2

Hydrogen ion pH

36
Q

Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to ________ not _______, and are responsible

for _______% of the drive to breath.

A

Central chemoreceptors are sensitive to PaCo2 not Pao2 and are responsible

for 80% of the drive to breath

37
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are sensitive to what five elements?

A

PaO2

PaCo2

PH

Blood flow

Temperature

38
Q

Fill in the gaps… When PaCO₂ levels begin to rise ventilation is _________ ________

to expire more ________ conversely if PaCO₂ levels fall ventilation _________

allowing PaCO₂ levels to increase.

A

Fill in the gaps… When PaCO₂ levels begin to rise ventilation is Rapidly increase

to expire more Co2 conversely if PaCO₂ levels fall ventilation slow

allowing PaCO₂ levels to increase

39
Q

Label

Upper airway

A
40
Q

label

Lungs

A
41
Q

Label

Inspiratory

expiratory

muscles

A
42
Q

Label

Heart

A
43
Q

Label

Tunica

A
44
Q

heart electric

A
45
Q

ecg

A
46
Q

Trachea

A
  • 2.5cm in diameter / 10-12cm in length
  • Bifurcates at the level of T5 (Carina)
  • Consists of 16 - 20 “C” shaped cartilage rings
  • Lined with ciliated mucous membrane (Epithelial Tissue)
47
Q
A

Trachea divides at carina into left and right bronchi

Right bronchus is 2.5cm long

Left bronchus 4-5cm long

Bronchi divide into secondary (lobar) bronchioles

Each bronchi terminates in an air sac (alveoli)

48
Q

Lobes of the lung

A
49
Q

A lobule is a bag of connective tissue which contains an arteriole, a venule, a lymphatic vessel and a terminal bronchiole

A
50
Q

Hilum

A
51
Q

Alveoli

A
54
Q

Mechanics of Respiration

A
56
Q

External RespirationExternal Respiration

A

•Breathe in - air containing oxygen enters the lungs

•

•Oxygen diffuses across the Alveoli and capillary walls and enters the blood

•

•Carbon dioxide diffuses across the capillary and alveoli walls and enters the Alveoli

•

•Breathe out - carbon dioxide is eliminated from the lungs

57
Q

Internal Respirati

A
  • Oxygen attached to haemoglobin in the red blood cells is transported to the tissues
  • Oxygen leaves the blood to enter cells
  • Carbon dioxide leaves cells to enter blood
  • Carbon dioxide attached to haemoglobin in the red blood cells is transported to the lungs
58
Q

How is breathing controlled

A
  • Part voluntary – but mainly involuntary
  • Voluntary control i.e speaking
  • Involuntary control - respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata (brain stem)
  • Chemoreceptors – sensitive to changing levels of CO2 & O2
59
Q

Phases of RespirationPhases of Respiration

A

nInhale

Muscles contract, move rib cage up and outwards, lungs fill space, Diaphragm flattens, alveoli open up, air drawn in through wind pipe

nExhale

nPassive action, muscles relax, Chest return to its resting position, diaphragm rises into resting dome shape, air forced out

nPause

nThere is always some air in lungs so that oxygen constantly available to the blood

61
Q

Quiet & Forced

A

Quiet

  • 70% by Diaphragm
  • Little rib cage movement

Forced

  • Running, shouting or during breathing difficulty
  • Accessory muscles
  • Chest & Neck muscles for inhalation
  • Abdominal muscles for exhalation
62
Q

Respiratory Centres

A

Medulla Oblongata:

•

•Medullary Rhythmicity Centre

•

Pons Varolli:

•

•Pneumotaxic Centre

Apneustic Centre

63
Q

Medullary Rhythmicity Centre

A
  • Located in the Medulla Oblongata
  • Function is to control the basic rhythm of respiration:

Inspiratory area is:

Active 2 seconds

Inactive 3 seconds

  • Expiratory area
  • Inactive during normal quiet respirations

Active during high levels of ventilation

64
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Central Chemoreceptors

  • Located on the surface of the Medulla Oblongata
  • Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid
  • Sensitive to pH & CO2

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

  • Located in the arch of the aorta and in the carotid bodies
  • Sensitive to pH, CO2 and O2 in blood
65
Q

Central & Peripheral Chemoreceptors functions

A
  • Despite the fact that O2 consumption and CO2 production vary during the day the PO2 and PCO2 are held fairly constant
  • Breathing is regulated by reflexes that respond to CO2, O2, pH of blood
  • When PCO2 increases there is a compensatory rise in respirations
  • Conversely when PCO2 falls respirations fall

•

•Increased pH also stimulates respirations

66
Q

BloodBlood pH pH

A
  • A pH of 7 is classed as Neutral
  • Normal pH of blood is 7.4 (Slightly Alkaline)
  • Increased CO2 within the blood increases acidity and reduces the pH level (Acidosis)
67
Q

Other Factors

A

Hering-Breuer - stretch receptors in the lung tissue

Baroreceptors - mainly concerned with circulation but can affect respiration. A sudden rise in BP decreases rate of respiration and vice-versa

Temperature - fever or exercise increases respiration due to increased metabolic rate but with hypothermia metabolism is depressed, as is respirations

Higher Centres

of the Brain – can modify respiration for speech, singing, crying, laughing and sleep

68
Q

Hypoxic Drive

A

•Healthy person’s stimulation to breathe – Increase in CO2

•

•COPD patient stimulation to breathe – Reduction in O2 (Hypoxia)

•

  • Patient is used to high levels of CO2

•

•Too much O2 could theoretically stop breathing

69
Q

Common Words

Dyspnoea –.

  • Apnoea –
  • Hypoxia –
  • Hypoxemia – .
  • Hypercarbia –
  • Diffusion –
A
  • Dyspnoea – Difficulty in Breathing.
  • Apnoea – Without breathing.
  • Hypoxia – Lack of Oxygen.
  • Hypoxemia – Lack of Oxygen in the blood.
  • Hypercarbia – Excess CO2 in the blood.
  • Diffusion – Passage of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

Associate Ambulance Practitioner (63 decks)

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