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Pathophysiology Summer 2019 > Chapter 3: Hematopoietic Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Hematopoietic Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process of forming blood, primarily in the bone marrow

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2
Q

Plasma

A

liquid protein, transport medium that carries the blood cells as well as antibodies, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, lipids, and waste products

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3
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells, key players in the inflammatory response and infectious process

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4
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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5
Q

Hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying component

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

amount of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes

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7
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets, along with clotting factors, control coagulation

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8
Q

Components of Hematopoiesis

A

Plasma, Leukocytes, Erythrocytes, and Thrombocytes

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9
Q

Hemostasis

A

process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel

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10
Q

Normal

A

when it seals a blood vessel to prevent blood loss and hemorrhage

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11
Q

Abnormal

A

when it causes inappropriate clotting or when clotting is insufficient to stop blood flow

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12
Q

Stages of Hemostasis

A
  1. Vessel spasm
  2. Formation of platelet plug
  3. Blood coagulation
  4. Clot retraction
  5. Clot dissolution
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13
Q

Leukopenia

A

decreased levels of white blood cells

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14
Q

Leukocytosis

A

increased levels of white blood cells

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15
Q

Neutrophils

A

type of leukocytes, arrive at the site of infection

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16
Q

Neutropenia

A

low count of neutrophils, low ability to fight infection

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17
Q

Neutropenia Treatment

A

Antibiotic therapy and hematopoietic growth factors

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18
Q

Neutropenia Diagnosis

A

neutrophil levels and bone marrow biopsy

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19
Q

Mononucleosis

A

“Kissing Disease”-oral transmission, Caused by Epstein-Barr virus in the herpes family

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20
Q

Mononucleosis Treatment

A

symptomatic and supportive

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21
Q

manifestations of Mononucleosis

A

anorexia, malaise, and chills. intensify to include leukocytosis, fever, sore throat, and lymphopathy

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22
Q

Manifestations of Neutropenia

A

Infections and ulcerations especially of the respiratory tract, skin, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract. Signs and symptoms of infection (fever, malaise, and chills)

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23
Q

Lymphomas

A

Group of blood cell tumors that develop from lymphocytes

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24
Q

Two main types of Lymphomas

A

Hodgkin’s, Non-Hodgkin’s

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25
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

Solid tumors with the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

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26
Q

Stage I of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

The lymphoma cells are in one lymph node group or one part of a tissue or an organ.

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27
Q

Stage II of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

The lymphoma cells are in at least two lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm, or the lymphoma cells are in one part of a tissue or an organ and the lymph nodes near that organ.

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28
Q

Stage III of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

The lymphoma cells are in lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm. Lymphoma cells may be found in one part of a tissue or an organ near these lymph node groups. Cells may also be found in the spleen.

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29
Q

Stage IV of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

Lymphoma cells are found in several parts of one or more organs or tissues, or the lymphoma cells are in an organ and in distant lymph nodes.

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30
Q

Recurrent

A

The disease returns after treatment.

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31
Q

Diagnosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

physical examination, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in a lymph node biopsy

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32
Q

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

More common, Poor prognosis, and No Reed-Sternberg cells

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33
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of the leukocytes

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34
Q

Types of Leukemia

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

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35
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

Affects primarily children

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36
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia

A

Affects the primarily adult

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37
Q

Chronic lymphoid leukemia

A

Responds poorly to therapy, yet most patients live many years after diagnosis

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38
Q

Chronic myeloid leukemia

A

Responds poorly to chemotherapy, but the prognosis is improved with allogenic bone marrow transplant

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39
Q

Manifestations of leukemia

A

leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, joint swelling, bone pain, weight loss, anorexia hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and central nervous system dysfunction

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40
Q

Diagnosis of leukemia

A

a history, physical examination, peripheral blood smears, complete blood count, and bone marrow biopsy

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41
Q

Treatment of leukemia

A

chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant

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42
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Plasma cell cancer, Bence Jones proteins to be excreted in the urine

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43
Q

Bence Jones proteins

A

are antibodies and are produced by neoplastic plasma cells.

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44
Q

Bone destruction leads to what?

A

hypercalcemia and pathologic fractures

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45
Q

Manifestations of Multiple Myeloma

A

Insidious onset, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, decreased bone density, bone pain, hypercalcemia, and renal impairment

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46
Q

Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma

A

serum and urine protein, calcium, renal function tests, complete blood count, biopsy, X-rays, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging

47
Q

Treatment

A

chemotherapy and complication management

48
Q

Hematocrit

A

is the ratio of the volume ofred blood cells to the volume of whole blood

49
Q

Red cell count

A

is the number of red blood cells in a volume of blood

50
Q

Hemoglobin

A

is a protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color

51
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of erythrocytes, Regulated by erythropoietin, Occurs in bone marrow

52
Q

Anemia

A

decreased number of erythrocytes, reduction of hemoglobin, or abnormal hemoglobin

53
Q

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

very common

54
Q

Causes of Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

decreased iron consumption, decreased iron absorption, and increased bleeding

55
Q

Diagnosis of Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

complete blood count (low hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, and MCHC), serum ferritin, serum iron, and transferrin saturation

56
Q

Treatment of Iron-Deficiency Anemia

A

identify and treat cause, increase dietary intake (e.g., liver, red meat, fish, beans, raisins, and green leafy vegetables), and iron supplements. Additionally, foods or supplements high in vitamin C should be increased because vitamin C increases the absorption of iron.

57
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Vit B12 deficiency usually caused by a lack of intrinsic factor that is required for vit B12 absorption in the stomach.

58
Q

Causes of Pernicious Anemia

A

autoimmune

59
Q

Manifestations of Pernicious Anemia

A

bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, loss of deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, personality or memory changes

60
Q

Diagnosis of Pernicious Anemia

A

serum B12 levels, Schilling’s test, complete blood count, gastric analysis, and bone marrow biopsy

61
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Bone marrow depression of all blood cells (pancytopenia)

62
Q

Manifestations of Aplastic Anemia

A

Anemia, Leukocytopenia, and Thrombocytopenia

63
Q

Diagnosis of Aplastic Anemia

A

complete blood count and bone marrow biopsy

64
Q

Treatment of Aplastic Anemia

A

identify and manage underlying cause, oxygen therapy, infection control, infection treatment, bleeding precautions, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants

65
Q

Anemia

A

weakness, pallor, dyspnea

66
Q

Leukocytopenia

A

recurrent infections

67
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

bleeding

68
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Excessive erythrocyte destruction

69
Q

Types of Hemolytic Anemia

A

Sickle cell anemia, Thalassemia, and Erythroblastosis

fetalis

70
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia

71
Q

Forms of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Sickle cell trait (a carrier), Sickle cell disease

72
Q

Manifestations of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

abdominal pain, bone pain, dyspnea, delayed growth and development, fatigue, fever, jaundice, pallor, tachycardia, skin ulcers, angina, excessive thirst, frequent urination, priapism, and vision impairment

73
Q

Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

hemoglobin electrophoresis, complete blood count, and bilirubin test

74
Q

Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Medications ( Hydrea [hydroxyurea])

75
Q

Thalassemia

A

Abnormal hemoglobin from a lack of one of two proteins that makes up hemoglobin (alpha and beta globin)

76
Q

Manifestations of Thalassemia

A

abortion, delayed growth and development, fatigue, dyspnea, heart failure, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, bone deformities, jaundice

77
Q

Diagnosis of Thalassemia

A

complete blood count (low MCV, MCHC) and iron levels

78
Q

Treatment of Thalassemia

A

blood transfusion, chelation therapy, and splenectomy

79
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms -> increased red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

80
Q

Complications of Polycythemia Vera

A

Thrombosis, Bleeding

81
Q

Manifestations of Polycythemia Vera

A

increased red cell volume and viscosity cause weakness, headache, light-headedness, visual disturbances, fatigue, and dyspnea.

82
Q

Diagnosis of Polycythemia Vera

A

complete blood counts, bone marrow biopsy, and uric acid levels

83
Q

Treatment of Polycythemia Vera

A

phlebotomy and managing clotting disorders

84
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

increased levels of Platelets, causes thrombus (blood clots)

85
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

decreased levels of Platelets, causes bleeding

86
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Deficiency or abnormality of clotting factor VIII

87
Q

Manifestations of Hemophilia A

A

prolonged bleeding, prolonged clotting time

88
Q

Diagnosis of Hemophilia A

A

clotting studies and serum factor VIII level

89
Q

Treatment of Hemophilia A

A

clotting factor transfusions, recombinant clotting factors, desmopressin, and bleed precautions

90
Q

Von Willebrand’s Disease

A

decreased platelet adhesion and aggregation

91
Q

Manifestations of Von Willebrand’s Disease

A

bleeding or indications of bleeding

92
Q

Type 1 of Von Willebrand’s Disease

A

Most common and mildest form, and Reduced von Willebrand’s factor levels

93
Q

Treatment of Von Willebrand’s Disease

A

Mild cases usually do not require treatment, Cryoprecipitate infusions, Desmopressin (DDAVP), Bleeding precautions, Measures to control bleeding

94
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

complications of many conditions, clotting factors become abnormally active

95
Q

Manifestations of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

tissue ischemia and bleeding

96
Q

Complications of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

shock and multisystem organ failure

97
Q

Diagnosis of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

complete blood count and bleeding studies

98
Q

Treatment of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

identify and treat underlying cause, replace clotting components, and preventing activation of clotting mechanisms

99
Q

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

A

Hypocoagulation resulting from an autoimmune destruction of platelets

100
Q

Acute form of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

More common in children, Sudden onset, Self-limiting

101
Q

Chronic form of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

More common in adults age 20-50, More common in women

102
Q

Causes of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

idiopathic, autoimmune diseases, immunizations with a live vaccine, immunodeficiency disorders, and viral infections

103
Q

Manifestations of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

bleeding or indications of bleeding (bruising, petechia, etc)

104
Q

Diagnosis of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

complete blood count (platelet levels < 20,000) and bleeding studies

105
Q

Treatment of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

Acute ITP, Chronic ITP

106
Q

Acute ITP

A

glucocorticoid steroids, immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis, and platelet pheresis

107
Q

Chronic ITP

A

glucocorticoid steroids, immunoglobulins, splenectomy, blood transfusions, and immunosuppressant therapy

108
Q

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

Deficiency of enzyme necessary for cleaving von Willebrand’s factor, leading to hypercoagulation

109
Q

Hypercoagulation depletes platelet levels

A

bleeding

110
Q

Causes of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

idiopathic causes, heredity, bone marrow transplants, cancer, medications, pregnancy, and HIV

111
Q

Manifestations of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

purpura, changes in consciousness, confusion, fatigue, fever, headache, tachycardia, pallor, dyspnea on exertion, speech changes, weakness, and jaundice

112
Q

Diagnosis of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

complete blood counts, blood smears

113
Q

Treatment of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

plasmapheresis, splenectomy, and glucocorticoid steroids

Pathophysiology Summer 2019 (8 decks)

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