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Pathophysiology Summer 2019 > Chapter 5: Respiratory Function > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Respiratory Function Flashcards

1
Q

Two Divisions of Respiratory System

A

Air-conducting, Gas exchange

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2
Q

Air-conducting

A

delivers air

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3
Q

Gas exchange

A

swaps gases between air and blood

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4
Q

Mucus, cilia, and immune cells

A

protect the system from harmful inhaled particles

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5
Q

Capillaries in the nose

A

warms and humidifies the air

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6
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Requires adequate ventilation and perfusion

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7
Q

Gas Transportation

A

Gases (O2 and CO2) carried by hemoglobin

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8
Q

Surfactant

A

lipoprotein that Produces alveoli surface tension to prevent collapse

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9
Q

Breathing

A

Controlled by the medulla oblongata. contains Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles, which are muscles that help respiration

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10
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air moved in and out with a normal breath; ~500ml

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11
Q

Minute respiratory volume

A

amount of air moved in and out in one minute; ~ 6L

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12
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled over tidal volume; 2-3L

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13
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air that can be exhaled over tidal volume; 1-1.5L

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14
Q

Vital capacity

A

sum of the tidal volumes and the reserves

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15
Q

Residual volume

A

amount of air left in the lung after forced expiration; 1-1.5L

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16
Q

Role in pH Balance

A

Carbon dioxide is one of the body’s acids

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17
Q

Increased rate of breathing

A

expels more carbon dioxide and raises pH

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18
Q

Decreased rate of breathing

A

retains more carbon dioxide and lowers pH

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19
Q

Infectious Rhinitis

A

Usually caused by the rhinovirus

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20
Q

Manifestations of Infectious Rhinitis

A

sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, sore throat, nonproductive cough, malaise, myalgia, low-grade fever, hoarseness, headache, and chills

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21
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinus cavities

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22
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the larynx

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23
Q

Manifestations of Laryngitis

A

hoarseness, weak voice or voice loss, tickling sensation

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24
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis

A

also called “Croup”,

parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses

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25
Q

Acute Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi

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26
Q

Manifestations of Acute Bronchitis

A

productive and nonproductive cough

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27
Q

Influenza

A

caused by influenza virus, Incubation period of 1–4 days

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28
Q

Prevention of transmission of Influenza

A

handwashing, avoiding crowds, and vaccination

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29
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammatory condition of the lung

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30
Q

Viral Pneumonia

A

Usually mild, Can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia

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31
Q

Bacterial Pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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32
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

causes

A

impaired gag reflex, improper lower esophageal sphincter closure, inappropriate tube-feeding placement

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33
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Confined to a single lobe

34
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Most frequent type

35
Q

Interstitial pneumonia or atypical

A

Occurs in the areas between the alveoli, Routinely caused by viruses or by uncommon bacteria

36
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

Develops more than 48 hours after a hospital admission

37
Q

Community-acquired pneumonia

A

Acquired outside the hospital or healthcare setting

38
Q

Tuberculosis caused by?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

39
Q

Tuberculosis Primary infection

A

type IV hypersensitivity reaction, Caseous necrosis and Ghon complexes

40
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Reactivation of dormant bacilli, Can spread to other organs, Symptoms usually develop

41
Q

Manifestations of Secondary infection

A

productive cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, fever, chills

42
Q

Diagnosis of Secondary infection

A

skin test (Mantoux), Chest X-ray, computerized tomography , and sputum culture

43
Q

Asthma

A

intermittent, reversible airway obstruction

44
Q

Extrinsic asthma

A

Inflammatory

mediator release, causing bronchoconstriction, increased capillary permeability, and mucus production

45
Q

Nocturnal asthma

A

histamine levels increase

46
Q

Exercise-induced asthma

A

occurs 10–15 minutes after activity

47
Q

Occupational asthma

A

Caused by a reaction to substances at work

48
Q

Symptoms of Occupational asthma

A

develop over time, worsening with each exposure and improving when away from work

49
Q

Drug-induced asthma

A

caused by aspirin – prevents the conversion of prostaglandins, which stimulate leukotriene release, a powerful bronchoconstrictor

50
Q

Stage one of asthma attack

A

Related to bronchospasms, and it is usually signaled by coughing

51
Q

Stage two of asthma attack

A

Result of airway edema and mucus production

52
Q

Manifestastions of asthma

A

wheezing, shortness of breath, dyspnea, chest tightness, cough, tachypnea, and anxiety

53
Q

Status Asthmaticus

A

Life-threatening, prolonged asthma attack, can lead to respiratory alkalosis and respiratory failure

54
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction. Severe hypoxia and hypercapnia

55
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction. Severe hypoxia and hypercapnia

56
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

“Blue bloaters”, inflammation of the bronchi

57
Q

Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis

A

hypoventilation, hypoxemia, cyanosis, hypercapnia, polycythemia, clubbing of fingers, dyspnea at rest, wheezing, edema, weight gain, malaise, chest pain, and fever

58
Q

Diagnosis of Chronic Bronchitis

A

history (persistent, productive cough for at least 3 months in a year for 2 consecutive years

59
Q

Emphysema

A

“Pink puffers”, Destruction of the alveolar walls, Enzyme necessary for lung remodeling is deficient

60
Q

Manifestations of Emphysema

A

dyspnea upon exertion, diminished breath sounds, wheezing, chest tightness, tachypnea, hypoxia, hypercapnia, activity intolerance, anorexia, and malaise

61
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Smoking is the most significant risk factor, either first-hand or second-hand

62
Q

Types of Lung Cancer

A

Small cell carcinoma, Non–small cell carcinoma

63
Q

Small cell carcinoma

A

Occurs almost exclusively in heavy smokers

64
Q

Non–small cell carcinoma

A

Most common type of malignant lung cancer

65
Q

Complications of Lung Cancer

A

airway obstruction, lung tissue inflammation, fluid accumulation, and paraneoplastic syndrome

66
Q

Manifestations of Lung Cancer

A

dyspnea, hemoptysis, frequent respiratory infections

67
Q

Treatment for Lung Cancer

A

Usually palliative

Includes: chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery

68
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

Excess fluid in the pleural cavity

69
Q

Manifestations of Pleural Effusion

A

dyspnea, chest pain, tachypnea, tracheal deviation, absent lung sounds and dullness over affected area, tachycardia, and pleural friction rub

70
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural cavity

Can lung to collapse

71
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Pneumothorax

A

sudden chest pain over the affected lung, chest tightness, decreased breath sounds over the affected area

72
Q

Types of Pneumothorax

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax, Traumatic pneumothorax, Tension pneumothorax

73
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

when air enters the pleural cavity from an opening in the internal airways (e.g., smoking marijuana, emphysema, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, or lung cancer).

74
Q

Traumatic pneumothorax

A

any blunt trauma (e.g., vehicle air bag deployment) or penetrating injury (e.g., knife or gunshot wounds) to the chest.

75
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

most serious type of pneumothorax, progresses rapidly and is fatal if not treated quickly.

76
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A

Respiratory

failure

77
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Complications

A

respiratory and metabolic acidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumothorax, bacterial infections, decreased lung function, muscle wasting, memory, cognitive, and emotional issues, and death

78
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) manifestations

A

labored and shallow respirations

79
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of the alveoli, Ventilation and perfusion problem

80
Q

Atelectasis causes

A

surfactant deficiencies, bronchus obstruction

Pathophysiology Summer 2019 (8 decks)

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