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Miscellaneous > MCB Lecture 36 Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

MCB Lecture 36 Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Define tissues

A

Coordination of cell types

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1
Q

Define organs

A

Coordination of tissues

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2
Q

What are the different types of tissue? (5)

A 
Epithelial
Connective
Blood/lymphatic
Muscle
Nervous
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3
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

Lining external and internal surfaces and ducts

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4
Q

What are the different morphologies of epithelial tissues?

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

Columnar
Cuboidal
Squamous

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5
Q

What type of morphology are the epithelial cells in blood vessels?

A

Simple squamous

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6
Q

What type of morphology are the epithelial cells in intestine?

A

Simple columnar

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7
Q

What type of morphology are the epithelial cells in skin?

A

Stratified squamous

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8
Q

What type of morphology are the epithelial cells in the respiratory tract?

A

Ciliated pseudo stratified

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9
Q

Describe how the epithelium in the respiratory tract provides protection

A

The cells secrete mucous that traps dirt and detritus.

The cilia beat up, moving the mucous up to the mouth where it is swallowed and excreted

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10
Q

What are two genetic mutations that cause problems in the respiratory epithelium?

A
  1. Mutation in Dynein, preventing the cilia from beating

2. Cystic fibrosis: ion channel mutation, mucous is too thick to be moved up

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11
Q

Describe the function of the epithelium in the digestive tract

A

Villi to increase surface area
Absorption of nutrients at apical end: active transporter
Basal end: passive transporters, nutrients move down diffusion gradient into the blood stream

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12
Q

Describe the polarisation of epithelial cells

A

The position of the nucleus

Also, apical end and basal end

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13
Q

What are the different types of cell junctions? (5)

A
  1. Tight
  2. Gap
  3. Adherens
  4. Desmosomes
  5. Focal adhesions
  6. Hemi desmosomes
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14
Q

Where are tight junctions localised?

A

Near the apical region of a cell

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15
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

They prevent movement of materials between two cells

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16
Q

Describe the structure of tight junctions

A

Interaction between the proteins on the two adjacent cells
Claudin
Occludin

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17
Q

What is the function of Claudin and occludin?

A

These are the proteins presented on the outermembrane of cell that form tight junctions, preventing movement of materials between cells

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18
Q

What is the function of Adherens junctions?

3

A
  1. Sticks cells together
  2. Epithelial folding
  3. Cell sorting
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19
Q

Describe the structure of Adherens junctions. Which protein is involved?

A

Classical cadherin proteins are involved. The cadherins on adjacent cells interact at the N terminus
Linker proteins connect the cadherins to the actin filaments inside the cell

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20
Q

Between which two things are Adherens junctions present?

A

Two cells

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21
Q

Cadherin interaction is … dependent

A

Calcium

Without calcium, the cadherin chains are floppy and can’t interact with the cadherins of the adjacent cell

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22
Q

What are junctional complexes?

A

These are the localisation of certain types of junctions in certain regions

A single cell can have different types of junctions

23
Q

How does cadherin interact with the cell membrane and actin?

A

Through linker proteins

24
Q

How do two cadherins interact?

A

At the N terminus

25
Q

What are some of the linker proteins that connect cadherin to actin

A

Catenins

Alpha and beta

26
Q

Describe the process of epithelial folding

A

There is a belt of actin and Adherens junctions in the apical region of cells
This belt contracts, and an invagination forms
This pinches off to form a tube

27
Q

Describe Adherens junctions role in cell sorting

A

Cells presenting Adherens junctions will stick together

In this way, certain cells are grouped together

28
Q

Which cell secretes mucus into the respiratory lumen?

A

Goblet cells

29
Q

The epithelium in which two organs is important for absorption?

A

Kidneys

Small intestine

30
Q

What are some generally features of the apical region of epithelial cell?

A

Absorption
Secretion
Ciliation

31
Q

What are some generally features of the basal end of epithelium?

A

Adhesion to ECM
Diffusion of materials
Secretion into sub mucosa

32
Q

In polarised cells, organelles are …

A

Differentially distributed, polarised

33
Q

How do tight junctions affect the polarity of membranes?

A

It separates the different ends of the membrane.

Eg. The cilia and the basal end

34
Q

Which junction is vital for the apical-basolateral polarity?

A

Tight junctions

35
Q

What sort of binding is there between Claudin and occludin in tight junction?

A

Non covalent

36
Q

The more tight junction proteins, …

A

The more impermeable

37
Q

Why are Adherens junction said to be homophobic?

A

Interaction between with of the same molecule, classical cadherin

38
Q

What gives skin it’s high tensile strength?

A

Hemidesmosomes

39
Q

Integrins will not engage ECM unless…

A

There is signalling

Eg. Activation of tallin

40
Q

Outside - in signalling in focal adhesions requires other kinases because …

What are these other kinases?

A

Because the integrins don’t have kinase regions

FAK

41
Q

Describe the tissue structure of the alimentary tract

A 
Columnar epithelium
Basement membrane
Connective tissue (fibroblasts, collagen etc)
Muscle layer
Connective tissue
Surrounding layer of epithelium
42
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

This is epithelium that has a different appearence depending on the state of the organ.

Ie, it can look squamous when stretched and cuboidal in the unstretched state

43
Q

What is pseudo stratified epithelium?

A

All the cells connect to the basement, however, not all cells extend to the apical surface

44
Q

What are the cell types in the respiratory tract?

A 
Nucleates cells
Goblet cells (mucous secreting)
Basal cells (stem cells)
45
Q

What type of epithelium is the thyroid?

A

Simple cuboidal

46
Q

What type if epithelium is the bladder?

A

Transitional

47
Q

What is the name of the disorder in which the cilia are immobile?

A

Kartagener’s syndrome

48
Q

A Claudin molecule in a tight junction bonds … with a … molecule

A

Non-electrostatic ally

Claudin

49
Q

Which junctions are important for organogenesis?

A

Adherens junctions: epithelial folding and cell sorting

50
Q

Which cadherin family proteins are present in Desmosomes?

A

Desmoglein

Desmocollin

51
Q

Describe which junctions intermediate filaments connect to, and how they do so

A

Desmosomes: connects to the side of intermediate filaments
Hemidesmosomes: connects to the ends of intermediate filaments

52
Q

What are the linker proteins in Desmosomes?

A

Desmoplakin
Plakoglobin
Plakophilin

53
Q

How does inside out signalling affect outside-in signalling?

A

Once an ECM protein has been engaged through inside-out signalling, outside in signalling occurs

54
Q

What sort of processes does outside-in signalling result in?

A

Change in gene expression:

  • migration
  • differentiation
  • proliferation

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