Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Miscellaneous > MCB Lecture 55 Intro to Pathology > Flashcards

MCB Lecture 55 Intro to Pathology Flashcards

0
Q

What is aetiology?

A

The cause of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Outline the characteristics of disease

A 
Aetiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical and pathological manifestations
Complications
Prognosis
Epidemiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Pathogenesis?

A

The mechanism causing the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the clinical and pathological manifestations?

A

These are the structural and functional features of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are complications?

A

These are secondary or systemic consequences of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is prognosis?

A

This is the expected outcome of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Incidence, prevalence, distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the characteristics of disease using the example of cancer

A

Aetiology: eg. UV radiation
Pathogenesis: radiation causes mutation in the DNA
Clinical and pathological manifestation: tumour
Complications: metastasis
Prognosis: death or remission
Epidemiology: eg. Men 1 in 12, women 1 in 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the general causes of cell injury?

A 
Hypoxia
Physical trauma
Chemical agents
Immunologic reactions
Infectious agents
Aging
Genetic defects
Nutritional imbalance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe how hypoxia can cause disease

A

Hypoxia damages tissue, because tissues require oxygen to perform all of their function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of hypoxia?

A

Pneumonia, anaemia, CO poisoning, occlusion

Occlusion -> ischemia -> hypoxia -> tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is ischemia?

A

The reduction of blood flow to an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some chemical agents that cause disease

A 
Poison
Alcohol
Tobacco
Oxygen
Glucose, water-salt balance
Environmental toxins: lead, mercury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Paracelsus say about poisons?

A

“all substances are poisonous, the right dose separates a poison from a remedy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some infectious agents that cause disease?

A 
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions
Macroparasites
Fungi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of alcohol on the body?

A

Alcohol causes changes in liver cells, leading to cirrhosis of the liver

Cirrhosis liver tissue has it’s structure and function interrupted

16
Q

What is the effect of prions?

A

Prions are protinaceous infectious particles.
These are mutant form of the proteins

Eg. Creurzfeld Jacob, bovine spongiform encephalitis
The prion causes vacuolation of tissue in the brain

17
Q

What are some causes of immunological reaction?

A 
Hypersensitivity: allergy
Autoimmunity
Immune deficiency, acquired or genetic
Immune imbalance
Graft rejection
18
Q

Describe what is happening in rheumatoid arthritis

A

In rheumatoid arthritic, there is an autoreactive immune response concentrated in the joints.
Many immune cells are attracted to the joints
Joints become clogged
Tissue and cartilage is degraded

19
Q

Describe some ways that genetic defects can cause injury

A
  • single gene mutation, Tay Sachs

- congenital malformation, Trisomy 21

20
Q

Describe what is happening in Tay sachs disease

A

There has been a single base pair substitution, leading to a defective ganglioside degredation enzyme

Ganglioside builds up in neurons, damaging the nervous system

21
Q

Describe some ways that nutritional imbalance can lead to disease

A

Deficiency
Malnutrition, vitamin (a or b)

Excess
Obesity
Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes

22
Q

Describe how physical agents can cause disease

A
  1. UV radiation
  2. Pressure
  3. Heat/ cold
  4. Electrical
  5. Mechanical trauma
23
Q

Describe how aging can lead to disease

A

Decline in proliferative ability

Effect of exogenous factors
-> cause damage

24
Q

List some of the causes of injury that we are exposed to every day

A 
Burns
Touching something in the freezer
Immune responses
Scratches, bruises
Smoking
UV
Insect bite
25
Q

Describe the mechanism of Tay sachs disease

A

The enzyme that breaks down GM2 gangliosides is dysfunctional.

This ganglioside builds up in the brain, leading to non functional neurons

Miscellaneous (109 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions