7a and 8a Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

Motor Cortex– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 1

Frontal lobe, control of skeletal muscles

Question 2

Somatosensory Cortex– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 2

Parietal lobe, sense of touch

Question 3

Sensory association cortex– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 3

Parietal lobe, integration of sensory information

Question 4

Visual association cortex– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 4

Occipital lobe, combining images and object recognition

Question 5

Visual Cortex– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 5

Occipital lobe, processing visual stimuli and pattern recognition

Question 6

Wernicke’s Area– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 6

Temporal lobe, comprehending language

Question 7

Primary auditory cortex– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 7

Temporal lobe, hearing

Question 8

Broca’s area– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 8

Frontal lobe, forming speech

Question 9

Prefrontal Cortex– purpose and which lobe?

Answer 9

Frontal lobe, decision making, planning

Question 10

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Answer 10

Central sulcus (bounds frontal posteriorly and parietal anteriorly)

Question 11

What sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes?

Answer 11

Lateral (sylvian) sulcus (bounds frontal inferiorly and temporal superiorly)

Question 12

What sulcus separates the parietal and temporal lobes?

Answer 12

Lateral (sylvian) sulcus (bounds parietal inferiorly and temporal superiorly)

Question 13

What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

Answer 13

Parieto-occipital sulcus (posterior to parietal and anterior to occipital)

Question 14

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

Answer 14

A “made up” sulcus separating the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal sulcus, beginning at the preoccipital notch and traveling up

Question 15

What lobe is the calcarine sulcus located in?

Answer 15

Occipital lobe

Question 16

Brodmann’s Areas 44, 45?

Answer 16

Broca’s Area

Question 17

Brodmann’s Area 22?

Answer 17

Primary auditory cortex

Question 18

Brodmann’s Areas 1, 2, 3?

Answer 18

Primary somatosensory cortex

Question 19

Brodmann’s Area 4?

Answer 19

Primary motor cortex

Question 20

Brodmann’s Areas 39, 40?

Answer 20

Wernicke’s Area

Question 21

Brodmann’s Area 17?

Answer 21

Primary visual cortex

Question 22

What will a lesion of the primary motor cortex result in?

Answer 22

Varied degrees of focal paralysis in the contralateral side of the body or face

Question 23

What is the premotor cortex’s (PMC) role in the brain?

Answer 23

• involved in initiating movements
• concerned with coordinating motor plans related to external ques
• activity greater in response to external cues than internally generated plans

Question 24

What are the inputs and outputs of the premotor cortex?

Answer 24

Inputs: parietal lobe, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex

Outputs: primary motor cortex

Question 25

What would a lesion in the premotor cortex result in?

Answer 25

Impairments in motor learning and execution

Question 26

What does the Supplementary motor area control?

Answer 26

- SMA and the more lateral PMC neurons control the activity of the primary motor cortex neurons

Question 27

What are the inputs and the outputs of the supplementary motor area control?

Answer 27

Inputs: prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia Outputs: primary motor cortex

Question 28

What would a lesion in the SMA result in?

Answer 28

Akinetic mutism, or the inability to follow command of voluntary movement, including speech

Question 29

What areas of the brain are considered the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 29

Areas of the frontal lobe located anterior to the motor functional areas

Question 30

From where do the PMC and the SMA both receive inputs from?

Answer 30

Prefrontal cortex

Question 31

When is the prefrontal cortex most active?

Answer 31

When planning behaviors and when new motor skills are being acquired

Question 32

Where is the frontal eye field located?

Answer 32

Frontal lobe

Question 33

What is the function of the frontal eye field?

Answer 33

voluntary lateral, or horizontal, gaze

Question 34

What happens if the frontal eye field is lesioned?

Answer 34

- eyes will turn to the side of the lesion - patient cannot gaze voluntarily to contralateral side

Question 35

Doll's Eye maneuver, can rule out which CN damage?

Answer 35

CN III, IV, VI, and VIII (damage to the brainstem)

Question 36

What are the five basic senses?

Answer 36

Salt, sour, bitter, sweet, umami

Question 37

What is the path of taste signal?

Answer 37

- CN 7, 9, 10 → Medulla (via Nuclear Solitary tract) → some to thalamus, some to limbic regions (amygdala) → orbitofrontal cortex

Question 38

What is the orbitofrontal cortex thought to be involved in?

Answer 38

Processing the reward value of food and the resulting motivation to eat food

Question 39

When does transduction from odor to neural signal begin?

Answer 39

When the odorant attaches to a receptor in the olfactory epithelium

Question 40

What is the path of transduction of an odor?

Answer 40

- olfactory epithelium → olfactory bulbs (via tiny olfactory nerves) → primary olfactory cortex → orbitofrontal cortex

Question 41

What's another name for the orbitofrontal cortex?

Answer 41

secondary olfactory cortex

Question 42

What is the primary olfactory cortex's purpose?

Answer 42

detects a change in external odor

Question 43

What is the purpose of the secondary olfactory cortex?

Answer 43

Identifying the smell itself

Question 44

What is the path of the visual pathway?

Answer 44

Optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → lateral geniculate → optic radiations → primary visual cortex

Question 45

What percent of optic nerves cross at the optic chiasm?

Answer 45

- 50% cross from the medial half of the retina - 50% do not cross from the lateral half of the retina

Question 46

Incoming fibers from the lower retina: a. stay inferior b. are superior

Answer 46

a. stay inferior

Question 47

Which fibers from the retina form Meyer's loop?

Answer 47

lower retina

Question 48

Where is Meyer's loop?

Answer 48

Temporal lobe

Question 49

Incoming fibers from the upper retina stay: a. inferior b. superior

Answer 49

b. superior

Question 50

Fibers from the upper retina travel in what lobe?

Answer 50

Parietal lobe

Question 51

True or False? Lesions in the lower part of the retina system (Meyer's loop, temporal white matter) lead to upper visual field defects

Answer 51

True

Question 52

True or False? Lesions in the upper part of the retina system (parietal white matter) lead to upper visual field defects?

Answer 52

False

Question 53

In the primary visual cortex, if a lesion is in the upper calcarine, does it lead to a lower field defect or an upper field defect?

Answer 53

Lower field defect. Likewise, lesions in the lower calcarine lead to upper field defects

Question 54

What are the different ways to test visual fields?

Answer 54

- Perimetry (done with a computer) and Confrontation method (done with fingers)