Possible Final Questions

Question 1

True or False? Agraphia, and particularly in the left hand, occurs with more posterior CC lesions

Answer 1

False (occurs with anterior CC lesions)

Question 2

True or False? On average, the Corpus Callosum is larger in females than males

Answer 2

True

Question 3

If a brain structure is oriented both rostrally and laterally, while being proximal to the parietal lobe, where is it likely located?
a. Occipital lobe
b. Brainstem
c. Cerebellum
d. Temporal lobe

Answer 3

d. Temporal lobe

Question 4

How does the UMN of cranial nerve VII being impaired affect the presentation of Bell’s Palsy?
a. The forehead is spared
b. The forehead is weak
c. The contralateral side of the face is spared
d. The contralateral side of the face is weak

Answer 4

a. The forehead is spared

Question 5

Short Answer: Explain the neurological changes associated with Parkinson’s disease and outline at least 4 symptoms that occur with these changes.

Answer 5

Parkinson’s disease involves the degeneration of the Substantia nigra. Patient’s experience Bradykinesia (slow movement), retropulsion (tendency to fall backward), Masked facies (Reduced facial expression), Stooped Posture (forward bending spine), Resting tremor (tremor at rest, decreases with movement), Intention tremor (worsens when approaching a target), and Lead pipe rigidity (stiff movements). They also experience progressive changes in posture, gate and balance.

Question 6

Based on what we know about selective attention, if someone is hearing a description of a house from a burglar’s perspective they are most likely to notice
a. Structural defects
b. Valuable objects
c. Size of the house
d. None of the above

Answer 6

b. Valuable objects

Question 7

Which of the following accurately describes the role of cranial nerves in the taste pathway?
a. Cranial nerves I, IX, X carry signals to the medulla via the NST
b. Cranial nerves VII, IX, X carry signals to the medulla via the NST
c. Cranial nerves I, IX, X carry signals to the orbitofrontal cortex via the NST
d. Cranial nerves VII, IX, X carry signals to the orbitofrontal cortex via the NST

Answer 7

b. Cranial nerves VII, IX, X carry signals to the medulla via the NST

Question 8

Where is language located in left handed people
a. In the right hemisphere
b. In the left hemisphere
c. 1/2 in the RH, 1/2 in the left hemisphere
d. ⅓ in the left hemisphere, ⅓ in the right hemisphere, ⅓ in both hemispheres

Answer 8

d. ⅓ in the left hemisphere, ⅓ in the right hemisphere, ⅓ in both hemispheres

Question 9

Which of the following correctly matches the structure to its function:
a. Piriform cortex - connecting odor to memory
b. Medial amygdala - connecting odor to emotions
c. Entorhinal cortex - connecting odor to memory
d. Entorhinal cortex - identifying odor

Answer 9

d. Entorhinal cortex - connecting odor to memory

Question 10

A 70 year old woman is experiencing word functioning difficulties and trouble with planning and organization. She has no sensory or motor deficits, and had no previous injury or trauma. Which of the following is she most likely to be experiencing:
a. Mild Alzheimer’s Disease
b. Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease
c. Vascular Dementia
d. Acute Dementia

Answer 10

a. Mild Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 11

Short Answer: Explain the Cholinergic Hypothesis and how it is involved with treating neurological disorders.

Answer 11

The cholinergic hypothesis states that Acetylcholine (ACh) is an important neurotransmitter in areas of the brain involved in memory formation and that loss of ACh activity correlates with the severity of Alzheimer’s Disease. This explains how cholinergic replacement and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors can treat Alzheimer’s disease. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors block esterase-mediated metabolism of acetylcholine to choline and acetate, so that there is increased ACh in the synaptic cleft.

Question 12

What is parosmia?
a. Perception of a smell that is not there
b. Distorted perception of a real odor
c. Complete loss of sense of smell
d. Reduced ability to detect odors

Answer 12

b. Distorted perception of a real odor

Question 13

Short answer: Describe the difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Choose either Innate or Adaptive immunity and explain the responses used and how these responses work.

Answer 13

Innate immunity occurs in all animals. It is nonspecific, inherited, and rapid. It involves recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors. Adaptive immunity is specific, adaptive and slower, and occurs only in vertebrates. It includes recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors. Innate immunity begins with barrier defenses. For example, mucus traps and allows for the removal of microbes. Lysozymes in saliva, mucus and tears can destroy bacteria. The low pH of skin prevents growth of bacteria. Internal defenses include phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory responses. Phagocytic cells destroy pathogens by engulfing them and fusing with a lysosome, then releasing the debris. Antimicrobial proteins enter tissue when histamine and cytokines are released. Then Neutrophils are recruited which digest the pathogens and allows tissue to heal.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about memory and emotion?
a. When recalling an emotional memory people are more likely to describe events accurately
b. Memories of emotions do not change when considering info learned after-the-fact
c. Someone is better able to remember sad information when in a sad mood
d. Emotional memories are recalled less vividly than non-emotional memories

Answer 14

c. Someone is better able to remember sad information when in a sad mood

Question 15

Which of the following is caused by damage to the inferior parietal lobule at the supra marginal gyrus?
a. Alexia
b. Conduction Aphasia
c. Dyslexia
d. Optic ataxia

Answer 15

b. Conduction Aphasia

Question 16

If there is a lesion of the auditory association cortex which of the following would be true?
a. Patient can not recognize speech sounds
b. Patient can not recognize non-speech sounds
c. Patient can not produce normal speech
d. Patient has Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 16

a. Patient can not recognize speech sounds

Question 17

Which type of stroke is often categorized by a patient complaining of the “worst headache in their life”?
a. Atherothrombotic Stroke
b. Lacunar Stroke
c. Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke
d. Cardioembolic stroke

Answer 17

c. Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke

Question 18

What is the main difference between acalculia and dyscalculia?
a. Acalculia involves trouble with addition; Dyscalculia involves trouble with subtraction
b. Acalculia involves trouble with memorized mathematics like multiplication, Dyscalculia involves trouble with operational mathematics like subtraction
c. Acalculia is an acquired neurological deficit; dyscalculia is a developmental problem
d. Acalia is a developmental problem, dyscalculia is an acquired neurological deficit

Answer 18

c. Acalculia is an acquired neurological deficit; dyscalculia is a developmental problem

Question 19

What is HIV’s idea host?
a. T helper cells
b. B Cells
c. Cytotoxic T cell
d. Any of the above

Answer 19

a. T helper cells

Question 20

True or False? A patient with commissurotomy (or split brain) can name an object in their right hand.

Answer 20

True (language = left hemisphere)

Question 21

Pregnant women often have a perception of a smell that is not actually there. What form of olfactory dysfunction is this?
a. Hyposmia
b. Parosmia
c. Anosmia
d. Phantosmia

Answer 21

d. Phantosmia

Question 22

Hypertension, arteriovenous malformations, bleeding into a brian tumor, medications such as warfarin, and hematologic disorders are all causes of what?
a. Hemorrhagic stroke
b. Ischemic stroke
c. Lacunar stroke
d. All of the above

Answer 22

a. Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 23

Short answer: Explain how Pick’s disease and Fronto-Temporal Dementia differ.

Answer 23

Answer: Pick’s disease is a specific subtype of FTD, characterized by the presence of abnormal brain cells known as Pick bodies and Pick cells. It mainly affects the frontal and temporal lobes, like FTD, and typically presents symptoms similar to the behavioral variant FTD. FTD itself is an umbrella term that encompasses several types of dementia, including Pick’s disease.

Question 24

If someone hits their head and loses consciousness at a party, you should:
a. Take them to the ER
b. Take them home and put them in bed for the night
c. Pour ice water on them
d. Talk to them and keep them awake
e. A & D

Answer 24

e. A & D

Question 25

A child is sitting at the kitchen table eating a snack when their mom notices that they briefly stare off into space for 2-3 seconds, appearing to go in and out of consciousness. The episode occurs without any chewing movements or other noticeable motor activity. Afterward, the child resumes eating as if nothing happened and seems unaware of the events. What type of seizure is the child experiencing? a. Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) b. Complex Partial c. Absence (Petit Mal) d. Simple Partial

Answer 25

c. Absence (Petit Mal)

Question 26

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) (more commonly known as “Mad Cow” Disease) often results in progressive degeneration of the brain and eventual death. What type of pathogen is it caused by? a. Virus b. Prion c. Bacteria d. Fungi

Answer 26

b. Prion

Question 27

Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects transmission of neural messages, and leads to a variety of neurological disorders. In Multiple Sclerosis, what is the immune system attacking? a. Axons b. Myelin sheath (leads to sclerotic patches) c. Synapses d. White matter

Answer 27

b. Myelin sheath (leads to sclerotic patches)

Question 28

The personality and decision-making disturbances in patients with orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPC) damage may undergo effects such as irresponsibility, vocational instability, lack of realistic long-term goals, lack of empathy, and poor behavioral control. What do these features resemble? a. Sociopathy b. Acquired Sociopathy c. Psychosis d. Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 28

b. Acquired Sociopathy

Question 29

When the right hemisphere is lesioned, you get left-side neglect because . . . a . . . the left hemisphere takes over and focuses solely on the right hemispace. b . . . the left hemisphere cannot allocate attention to the left hemispace. c . . . the right hemisphere is specialized for sensory input from the right hemispace, leading to neglect on the left. d . . . the left hemisphere cannot process spatial information effectively without input from the right hemisphere.

Answer 29

b . . . the left hemisphere cannot allocate attention to the left hemispace.

Question 30

One of the more striking features of hemi-neglect syndrome is anosognosia, or lack of awareness of the illness. Patients with hemiplegia, hemianopia, and hemisensory loss caused by right hemisphere lesions often ask to be discharged from the hospital as a result. In what other cases might anosognosia be seen? a. Wernicke’s aphasia b. Frontal lobe disorders c. Cortical blindness d. All of the above

Answer 30

d. All of the above

Question 31

The Iowa Gambling Test is designed to test decision-making deficits seen in neurological patients. The patients are presented with a “bad” deck of cards, where they might gain a lot of money (ex: $100) but lose drastic amounts also (ex: $1250). Likewise, there is a “good” deck of cards (ex: gain is $50, loss is $250). More often than not, patients who are suffering from these deficits draw from the “bad” deck more. This behavioral deficit in decision-making is linked to a deficit in what? a. The ability to generate somatic/emotional signals associated with prior experiences with reward and punishment. b. The ability to memorize specific outcomes from previous card draws. c. The capacity to reason through the logical implications of each card draw. d. All of the above

Answer 31

a. The ability to generate somatic/emotional signals associated with prior experiences with reward and punishment.

Question 32

A neurologist is doing a neurological examination on you. The doctor tests sensation in three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular) by lightly touching various areas of your face with a cotton swab and a pin. The doctor proceeds to assess the strength of the masseter and temporalis muscles but having you clench your teeth, moving your jaw, and asking for the direction of movement. What cranial nerve would this test method be associated with? a. CN I b. CN V c. CN VII d. CN XII

Answer 32

b. CN V

Question 33

The shearing (tearing) of the brain’s long connecting nerve fibers that happens when the brain is injured as it shifts and rotates inside the bony skull refers to what kind of injury? a. Dispersed Axonal Damage b. Diffuse Neuronal Disruption c. Widespread Axonal Impairment d. Diffuse Axonal Injury

Answer 33

d. Diffuse Axonal Injury

Question 34

A neurological exam of memory involves remembering 3 words after 5 minutes, remembering 3 shapes after 5 minutes, past, public, and personal events, as well as factual knowledge. What anatomy comes into play with this examination? a. Medial temporal lobes b. Thalamus c. Basal Forebrain d. All of the above

Answer 34

d. All of the above

Question 35

Which subtype of FTD leads to changes in personality? a. Pick’s disease b. Behavioral Variant FTD c. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy d. Semantic Variant FTD

Answer 35

b. Behavioral Variant FTD

Question 36

Short Answer: Describe the two ways in which emotions can be induced

Answer 36

The two ways in which emoticons can be induced are through primary induction and secondary induction. In primary induction, emotion is evoked when the individual is confronted by a stimulus/stimuli that is either innate or learned to be pleasurable or aversive. On the other hand, with secondary induction emotion is evoked when the individual thinks about or reflects on a memory including those stimuli.

Question 37

Which is the trigger structure for secondary induction emotions? a. Hippocampus b. Amygdala c. Orbito/ventromedial prefrontal cortex d. Thalamus

Answer 37

c. Orbito/ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 38

True or False? Diplopia can result from damage to cranial nerves 3 and 4.

Answer 38

True