8 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What is illness behavior?
A
Actions taken by a person experiencing symptoms before a diagnosis is made.
2
Q
What is sick role behavior?
A
Actions taken after diagnosis aimed at getting well, such as taking medication or resting.
3
Q
Who are hypochondriacs?
A
People who misinterpret normal bodily symptoms as signs of illness.
4
Q
How does neuroticism affect symptom reporting?
A
People with high neuroticism recognize and report symptoms more quickly and often exaggerate them.
5
Q
How does age affect recognition of symptoms?
A
Older people report more symptoms and are more likely to interpret them as illness.
6
Q
How does gender influence symptom reporting?
A
Women are more likely to report and seek treatment for symptoms than men.
7
Q
What is meant by attentional differences in health behavior?
A
People focused on their bodies are more likely to notice symptoms than those distracted or busy.
8
Q
How do situational factors influence symptom recognition?
A
Boring or low-stimulation environments increase symptom awareness, while busy ones decrease it.
9
Q
What is ‘medical students’ disease’?
A
A condition where students believe they have the illnesses they are studying.
10
Q
How does stress influence symptom experience?
A
Stress aggravates the experience of physical symptoms and may increase health anxiety.
11
Q
How does mood affect symptom reporting?
A
People in a positive mood report fewer symptoms than those in a negative mood.
12
Q
How do prior experiences influence interpretation of symptoms?
A
Past experiences with similar symptoms may lead people to dismiss or normalize new symptoms.
13
Q
How do expectations influence symptom interpretation?
A
People may ignore unexpected symptoms and emphasize those they expect to experience.
14
Q
How do socioeconomic and cultural factors affect symptom interpretation?
A
Cultural beliefs and financial constraints shape how people understand and respond to symptoms.
15
Q
How does the perceived seriousness of a symptom affect behavior?
A
Symptoms affecting important body parts (e.g., eyes or chest) are taken more seriously.
16
Q
What is the commonsense model of illness?
A
A psychological framework that explains how people form beliefs (schemas) about illness.
17
Q
What does the ‘identity’ dimension of illness cognition refer to?
A
The label or name people assign to their illness.
18
Q
What does the ‘consequences’ dimension of illness cognition refer to?
A
The expected symptoms, impact, and effects of the illness.
19
Q
What does the ‘causes’ dimension of illness cognition refer to?
A
The beliefs people have about what caused their illness.
20
Q
What does the ‘timeline’ dimension of illness cognition refer to?
A
Beliefs about how long the illness will last (short-term or chronic).
21
Q
What does the ‘cure/control’ dimension of illness cognition refer to?
A
Beliefs about whether the illness can be cured or managed.
22
Q
What does the ‘emotions’ dimension of illness cognition refer to?
A
Emotional responses and feelings associated with the illness.
23
Q
What is an acute illness model?
A
A short-term illness, usually caused by a virus or bacteria, with no lasting effects.
24
Q
What is a chronic illness model?
A
A long-term illness with ongoing symptoms and potential complications.
25
What is a cyclic illness model?
An illness characterized by alternating symptom-free and symptomatic periods.
26
What is a lay referral network?
An informal group of family and friends who help interpret symptoms and advise on care.
27
How is the internet used as a lay referral network?
People research symptoms and possible illnesses online before seeking professional help.
28
What age groups most frequently use health services?
The very young and the elderly.
29
Why do women use health services more than men?
Due to reproductive health needs and greater social acceptance of seeking help.
30
Why are men less likely to seek medical help?
Men are less likely to seek medical help due to social norms and stigma.
31
Why are men less likely to seek medical help?
Social norms encourage toughness and discourage showing vulnerability.
32
Why does pregnancy increase women's healthcare use?
Regular prenatal care and pregnancy-related checkups increase service use.
33
How does socioeconomic status affect health service use?
Lower-income individuals often avoid services due to cost and lack of access.
34
How do cultural beliefs affect use of health services?
Some cultures prefer traditional or home remedies over formal healthcare.
35
What is the Health Belief Model?
A theory explaining when people will seek care based on perceived threat and benefit.
36
How does social isolation affect healthcare use?
Isolated individuals may seek care more often for social contact or reassurance.
37
How can illness affect relationships?
Illness can strain relationships, prompting individuals to seek medical help.
38
What is social interference in health behavior?
When illness interferes with daily roles or routines, leading to medical attention.
39
What is social sanctioning in healthcare use?
When others pressure or encourage someone to seek medical treatment.
40
What is misuse of health services?
Using medical services for issues that are psychological or not medically necessary.
41
What are reasons people misuse health services?
To cope with anxiety, gain attention, or obtain benefits like time off work.
42
How can stress lead to misuse of health services?
Stress can cause physical symptoms that prompt unnecessary doctor visits.
43
What are some physical symptoms caused by anxiety?
Upset stomach, heart palpitations, sleep problems.
44
Why might someone mistake psychological symptoms for physical ones?
Because mental health symptoms often manifest physically.
45
Why is physical illness seen as more legitimate than psychological illness?
Society often validates physical symptoms more readily.
46
What are secondary gains of illness?
Benefits like rest, care, avoiding responsibilities, or getting time off.
47
What is delay behavior?
Putting off seeking medical care after recognizing symptoms.
48
What is appraisal delay?
Time taken to determine whether a symptom is serious.
49
What is illness delay?
Time between realizing one is ill and deciding to seek treatment.
50
What is behavioral delay?
Time between deciding to seek help and actually doing it.
51
What is medical delay?
Time between scheduling care and actually receiving treatment.
52
What types of people tend to delay seeking medical care?
Those with financial concerns, no regular doctor, or fear of healthcare.
53
How does pain affect delay behavior?
Painful symptoms usually prompt faster medical attention.
54
How does symptom familiarity affect delay?
People delay more if the symptom is familiar or previously experienced.
55
How does access to care affect treatment-seeking?
Limited access increases delay and avoidance.
56
What is treatment delay?
Delaying or ignoring a recommended treatment plan.
57
What is provider delay?
When a healthcare professional fails to take timely action.
58
What is an example of provider delay?
Not ordering a test when serious symptoms are reported.
59
Why do people seek medical help for emotional disturbances?
They misinterpret stress or emotional distress as physical illness.
60
How does mental health stigma affect healthcare use?
Stigma causes people to avoid psychological help and seek physical explanations instead.
61
Why is physical illness seen as more legitimate in the workplace?
It is more likely to result in acceptable sick leave or support.
62
How do cultural beliefs shape symptom interpretation?
Cultural norms influence whether people acknowledge or dismiss symptoms.
63
How can internet searches affect symptom interpretation?
They can increase anxiety and lead to self-diagnosis.
64
How do commonsense beliefs affect health behavior?
Personal ideas about illness shape reactions to symptoms and treatment choices.
65
How does the seriousness of the body part affected impact behavior?
People are more likely to act if a vital or sensitive area is affected.
66
What role does prior treatment experience play in delay?
Negative or dismissive past treatment can discourage future healthcare use.
67
How do expectations guide symptom interpretation?
If people don't expect a symptom, they may ignore it—even if it's serious.
68
What is one reason people avoid mental health services?
Psychological symptoms are often downplayed or misunderstood.
69
What is a secondary benefit of visiting a doctor for non-medical reasons?
Social support, attention, or stress relief.
70
How can health services be used as emotional support?
Some seek doctors for comfort or reassurance, not medical necessity.
71
Why do people sometimes seek emergency care unnecessarily?
They panic over symptoms or need immediate emotional relief.
72
What is the impact of individual differences on symptom recognition?
Some individuals are more sensitive to bodily changes and recognize symptoms faster.
73
How does attention influence the experience of illness?
Focused attention increases symptom awareness, while distraction reduces it.
74
Why do some people ignore symptoms completely?
Because they are distracted, emotionally indifferent, or believe the symptoms are insignificant.
75
What type of people are likely to report symptoms exaggeratedly?
People high in neuroticism or with anxiety tendencies.
76
Why might someone continue normal activities despite feeling ill?
Due to high symptom tolerance, denial, or not recognizing symptoms as serious.
77
What is an example of social interference prompting care-seeking?
Missing work or school due to illness may push someone to consult a doctor.
78
What is the role of family in lay referral networks?
Family often provides the first interpretation of symptoms and advice on treatment.
79
How can friends affect illness interpretation?
They may suggest possible causes or recommend seeking medical attention.
80
Why might someone avoid discussing symptoms with family or friends?
Fear of judgment, minimization of concerns, or cultural norms.
81
What does it mean to 'amplify' expected symptoms?
To pay more attention and give more weight to symptoms you expect to feel.
82
What's the risk of ignoring unexpected symptoms?
You may delay treatment for serious conditions because they don't match your expectations.
83
Why might someone choose home remedies over formal medical care?
Cultural beliefs, past experience, affordability, or distrust of doctors.
84
How does symptom location affect perceived seriousness?
Symptoms in vital areas (e.g., head, chest) are perceived as more serious.
85
Why are people with high health anxiety more likely to seek care?
They are hyperaware of symptoms and fear serious illness.
86
What is symptom appraisal?
The process of evaluating if a symptom is serious enough to need attention.
87
What is the role of previous illness in symptom interpretation?
People who experienced a disease before may downplay similar symptoms later.
88
How do gender stereotypes influence healthcare behavior?
Men are expected to be stoic, while women are expected to seek help.
89
Why might someone continue normal activities despite symptoms?
They may downplay symptoms or perceive them as non-serious.
90
What is social interference in health behavior?
When illness disrupts daily life, prompting action or treatment.
91
What is the role of family in symptom interpretation?
Family can suggest causes and recommend seeking medical care.
92
Why might someone avoid talking about symptoms?
Fear of judgment, minimization, or being perceived as overreacting.
93
What does it mean to amplify expected symptoms?
To perceive expected symptoms more strongly due to preconceptions.
94
What's a risk of ignoring unexpected symptoms?
Missing early signs of a serious condition.
95
Why might someone prefer home remedies over medical care?
Due to cultural beliefs, financial concerns, or mistrust of professionals.
96
Why are symptoms affecting vital organs taken more seriously?
Because of their perceived importance and potential danger.
97
What is symptom appraisal?
Evaluating whether a symptom is significant or requires attention.
98
How can previous experience affect current symptom interpretation?
Familiar symptoms might be dismissed as harmless.
99
Why might people with high health anxiety seek more care?
They are hyperaware and fear severe illness.
100
What is one consequence of denial in health behavior?
Delaying diagnosis or treatment.
101
How do cultural norms influence symptom expression?
They determine what symptoms are acceptable to report.
102
What is the role of the internet in modern symptom interpretation?
It provides instant health information but may increase anxiety or lead to self-misdiagnosis.
103
Why do some people avoid mental health services?
Due to stigma, denial, or preference for physical explanations.
104
Why are physical illnesses viewed as more legitimate than mental ones?
They are more visible and socially accepted.
105
What is a secondary gain from illness?
Advantages like time off work, attention, or avoidance of responsibilities.
106
What are primary gains from illness?
Internal psychological benefits like reduced guilt or anxiety.
107
What is malingering?
Intentionally faking symptoms for external gain.
108
What is somatization?
Expressing emotional distress through physical symptoms.
109
Why do some people delay seeing a doctor despite severe symptoms?
Fear of bad news, cost, or lack of trust.
110
What are commonsense illness beliefs?
Personal understandings and expectations about illness formed through experience and culture.
111
What is the risk of self-diagnosing using online sources?
Incorrect conclusions that may delay proper treatment.
112
How does symptom visibility affect care-seeking?
Visible symptoms often prompt quicker action.
113
Why might someone feel embarrassed to seek care?
Due to stigma or shame, especially with sexual or mental health issues.
114
What does social sanctioning mean in health behavior?
Pressure or encouragement from others to seek medical help.
115
What is healthcare avoidance?
Deliberate choice to not seek medical care despite symptoms.
116
Why might someone delay care if they've had negative past experiences?
Fear of being dismissed or mistreated again.
117
What are cultural barriers to healthcare access?
Language, traditional beliefs, and mistrust of the healthcare system.
118
What is the role of trust in medical professionals?
Higher trust increases the likelihood of seeking and following treatment.
119
What is diagnostic overshadowing?
When a known illness causes healthcare providers to miss other symptoms.
120
Why do people with chronic illness sometimes avoid doctors?
They may be tired of repeated visits or feel hopeless.
121
How can poor communication delay treatment?
Misunderstandings between patient and provider can reduce follow-up or adherence.
122
What are some benefits of early detection of illness?
Better prognosis, simpler treatment, and lower risk of complications.
123
Why might people overuse emergency services?
Lack of access to primary care or anxiety about symptoms.
124
How can online forums influence healthcare decisions?
They offer support but may spread misinformation.
125
What is health anxiety?
Excessive fear of having or getting a serious illness.
126
What is treatment adherence?
Following through with a prescribed medical plan.
127
What is treatment delay?
Not starting or continuing recommended treatment.
128
How can health beliefs affect treatment adherence?
People are more likely to follow treatment that aligns with their beliefs.
129
What is medical delay?
Time between scheduling and receiving medical care.
130
What contributes to provider delay?
Failure to recognize severity or misinterpreting symptoms.
131
How does mental health affect symptom reporting?
Depression or anxiety may increase or distort symptom perception.
132
How does socioeconomic status impact care-seeking?
Low income can prevent timely care due to costs or transportation issues.
133
Why might someone lie to a doctor?
Fear of judgment, embarrassment, or desire for secondary gains.
134
What is symptom clustering?
The occurrence of multiple symptoms that suggest a particular condition.
135
How can feedback from others influence symptom perception?
It can validate concerns or lead to dismissal and delay.
136
What is the impact of stigma on healthcare?
Stigma may discourage people from seeking help or being honest.
137
What role does media play in illness representation?
It shapes public understanding of diseases and symptoms.
138
How does provider communication style affect patients?
Warm, clear communication builds trust and improves outcomes.
139
What is the relationship between symptom type and delay?
Painful or disruptive symptoms lead to faster action than mild ones.
140
What is symptom normalization?
Viewing symptoms as ordinary or age-related and not worth attention.
141
How does fear of doctors affect behavior?
It may prevent timely medical visits or honest disclosure.
142
What are informal treatment options people use?
Herbal remedies, prayer, and self-medication.
143
What's the danger of relying only on lay referral networks?
They may delay diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
144
How does education level affect symptom interpretation?
Higher education often leads to better recognition and understanding.
145
Why might someone with low health literacy delay care?
Difficulty understanding symptoms and navigating the system.
146
How do health campaigns affect behavior?
They raise awareness and may prompt earlier healthcare use.
147
What is one downside of awareness campaigns?
They may lead to overuse or anxiety about minor symptoms.
148
What is proactive health behavior?
Seeking care or making changes before a condition worsens.
149
What is reactive health behavior?
Only acting when symptoms are severe or disruptive.
150
What is the impact of work obligations on treatment delay?
People may postpone care to avoid missing work.
151
How does caregiving affect care-seeking?
Caregivers may ignore their own symptoms to focus on others.
152
What is misdiagnosis?
An incorrect identification of a disease or condition.
153
How does access to transportation affect healthcare use?
Lack of transport can delay or prevent visits.
154
Why might someone skip follow-up visits?
Cost, improvement in symptoms, or feeling dismissed by the provider.
155
What is self-monitoring?
Tracking one's own health or symptoms to detect changes.
156
How does symptom timing affect interpretation?
Night-time or sudden onset symptoms may seem more urgent.
157
What are health cues?
Internal or external signals that alert someone to a health issue.
158
What is behavioral intention in health psychology?
A person's plan to act on a symptom or health behavior.
159
What is illness delay?
Delay between recognizing a symptom as illness and deciding to seek help.
160
Why do people underuse preventive health services?
Lack of symptoms, cost, or perceived low relevance.
161
What is overmedicalization?
Treating normal life experiences as medical problems.
162
What is the placebo effect in symptom interpretation?
Feeling better due to belief in treatment, even if inactive.
163
What is learned inaction in healthcare?
Repeated symptom dismissal leads people to stop seeking help.
164
What does the Health Belief Model suggest about behavior?
People act if they perceive a threat and believe the action will reduce it.
