8/24/17 Flashcards

Question

Dietary Recommendations for Good Health

Answer 1

Unprocessed foods rich in fruits and veggies and whole grains Restrict animal fats and trans fat from processed foods, limit refined starches Fat in the form of monosaturatd and polyunsaturated oils

Answer 2

Atkins: very low carb, rapid short term but not long term, health risks like increased saturated fats and ketosis South Beach: high fiber, low glycemic carbs, unsaturated fats, lean meat, starts with low carb then gradually increase food carbs while decreasing fats/proteins Mediterranean: plants, healthy oils, lean meat, high in fat but are mono and polyunsaturated fats Paleolithic: Includes- veggies, fruits, nuts, roots, and fish Excludes- dairy, grains, legumes, processed oils, salt and sugar

Answer 3

1. Gastric banding: inflatable band on top of stomach increases fullness and restricts flow, reversible 2. Gastric Bypass: separate stomach into 2 compartments and connect both to SI, reduces stomach volume and increases fullness, alter hormone levels like reduced ghrelin, long term weight loss 3. Liposuction: regain weight, cosmetic Bariatric surgery: banding and bypass, for morbidly obese

Answer 4

A disease 1. Primary: insufficient or imbalanced diet, give better food 2. Secondary: defective assimilation or utilization of nutrients, need mess or surgery

Answer 5

Values for people based on sex and age Covers nutritional requirements for 97.5% of people in that group To prevent nutrient deficiency

Answer 6

Estimated Average Requirements: nutrient intake that meets the needs for the 50th percentile of an age/sex group, RDA come from this Adequate Intake: amount that seems to sustain good health, not enough scientific data to put into RDA, somewhere between RDA and TUL Tolerable Upper Limit: highest level of a nutrient that poses no risk to 98% of a pop. Prevent nutrient deficiency and reduce risk of chronic diseases

Answer 7

Reminds Americans about healthier choices, provides tools for leaders to promote healthy lifestyles Super Tracker: helps you plan, analyze, and track your diet and physical activity while setting goals and having coaching Avoid oversized portions, half of plate should be veggies and fruits, switch to 1% milk, choose low salt, drink water instead of pop Remind to eat healthier, not to change consumer behavior alone

Answer 8

Made by people at Harvard Potato not a vegetable Drink water, coffee, or tea and limit milk Doesn't set limit on fats but say choose healthier oils Stress whole grains Not put limit on calories, just give proportion of plate since age, sex, and activity determine calories

Answer 9

Indications- 1. Amount of cells: playlets, RBCs, WBCs, Heme 2. Chemistry levels: electrolytes, glucose, enzymes 3. Drug levels: digoxin, antibiotics, street drugs 4. Infection: fungi, bacteria, and viruses

Answer 10

Only if done incorrectly 1. Hematomas and bruising: needle partially inserted in vein or through or if tourniquet on for more than a minute, make sure to remove tourniquet as last specimen tube is filling and remove last specimen tube from vacutainer 2. Infection: do circular motion with alcohol and let dry naturally, glove before sticking, don't let needle touch anything else 3. Pain: don't make tourniquet too tight, do z technique, don't move needle around once in person 4. Arterial Puncture: palpate and trace path of vein, stop immediately if hit artery (bright red blood and hematoma, apply pressure for 5 mins) or nerve (say shooting electric pain) and report

Answer 11

Don't do anything if have pink armband Side affected by stroke has lower blood circulation Side affected by mastectomy has higher infection risk since less lymph nodes Super Vena Cava syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, side of burn/scar/graft, side of AV fistula, with IV or peripheral device

Answer 12

Have one flap that can be loosened quickly On for less than a min to not cause hematoma or have IF leak, creates erroneously high value Put halfway between shoulder and elbow, elbow should be straightened (make fist if necessary)

Answer 13

Direct draw: Antecubital area only, 21 gauge Butterfly needle: Use anywhere, 23 gauge

Answer 14

Median antecubital or cephalic Lower arm and hand veins are smaller, less straight, and roll Ask doc before use foot vein since less circulation and increased infection risk No back of wrist cuz nerves

Answer 15

Attach needle to vacutainer holder and then rest first specimen tube in vacutainer, don't puncture rubber stopper Stretch skin 1" below site Go at 15-30° with bevel up Last 3 steps: 1. Release tourniquet as last specimen tube is filling 2. Remove last specimen tube after it is full, put on cotton ball but don't apply pressure 3. Retract needle and use safety device, apply pressure, ask if bandaid or gauze, gently invert specimen 8-10 times At end label specimen tubes: full name, ID number, collection date and time, your initials Document patient's tolerance in objective manner

Answer 16

Use TPP (the pyrophosphate form) for decarboxylation reactions like PDH and alpha-ketoglutamate dehydrogenase, also for sugar conversion in the PPP Deficiency: mainly affects nervous cells, problem for white rice eaters Beriberi:anorexia, muscle weakness, peripheral paralysis, edema (more severe B1 form) Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: mental confusion, ataxia, opthalmoplegia (chronic alcoholics, moderate form of B1) Enriched in foods like grains/flour Heat, raw fish, tannins in tea/coffee destroy thiamin

Answer 17

Converted into FMN and FAD, forms flavoenzymes for metabolism of carbs/FAs Deficiency: pathology of skin and mucous membrane Dermatitis, glossitis (tounge), cheilosis (lips) Milk, grain, meat, poultry, fish Destroyed by light so milk in cloudy plastic jug

Answer 18

Synthesized from Trp, found in NAD and NADP Deficiency- Hartnup Disease: recessive disorder that affects absorption of no polar AAs like Trp Isoniazid antibiotic: when used long term for treat TB Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia Common in corn, beef, milk, eggs

Answer 19

Component of CoA, acetylation reactions Deficiency is unlikely, possible neuromotor disorders Whole grains, liver, kidney, egg, yolk

Answer 20

Pyridoxal (PL) and Pyridoxamine (PM) and their phosphorylated forms, used in transamination reactions of AA metabolism Without B6 all AAs become essential Uptake involves dephosphorylation then passive diffusion Deficiency: Microcytic hypochromic anemia from inadequate heme production, itchy rashes, cheilosis and glossitis Uncommon risks from deficiency: renal disease, autoimmune, alcohol dependence Toxicity: from supplements and reversible, nerve damage to arms and legs, sensitivity to sun Meat, fish, fruits, grains, veggies

Answer 21

Used in carboxylation reactions like pyruvate carboxylase Deficiency: rare but in pregnant women, alcoholics, elderly, long term antibiotics Avidin from raw eggs Dry skin and dermatitis Liver, milk, egg yolk, intestinal bacteria

Answer 22

Tetrahydrofolate (THF) does single carbon transfers for AA and nucleic acid synthesis Deficiency: pregnant women for fetal development, elderly, alcoholics, infants if get goat milk Megaloblastic anemia: diminished nucleus acids so cells can't make DNA to divide Fatigue, tongue lesions, spina bifida Spinach, fortified in cereal grains, liver, whole grains

Answer 23

Corrine ring with ribose, phosphate, and base attached, has cobalt ion in the ring Synthesize active folate and for folate metabolism like homocysteine to methionine reaction, converts methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA Taken up by intrinsic factor in the terminal ileum Deficiency: elderly or vegan Megaloblastic anemia (large, abnormal immature RBCs), pernicious anemia (lack intrinsic factor), nerve damage (needle feel in limbs) Intestinal bacteria and only animal products, NOT plants but some cereals are fortified

Answer 24

Humans and few other mammals can't make from glucose Main water soluble antioxidant, used by neutrophils against ROS and RNS, regenerates glutathione and Vitamin E For hydroxylation reactions, keeps Cu or are in reduced state Hormone and AA biosynthesis, carnitine biosynthesis Collagen hydroxylation (hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline) Deficiency: scurvy causes small blood vessels to rupture, bones to weaken, joints to swell Citrus fruits, potato skins, fruits, veggies

Answer 25

Essential for enzyme function and transcription factors Babies often deficient, not common in complementary foods after weaning, many child deaths Deficiency: poor growth, skin lesions, hair loss

Answer 26

Incorporate selenocysteine and selenomethionine into slenoproteins like glutathione/thioredoxin reductase and thyroid hormone deiodinase Deficiency: cause illness and predispose to other if stress Keshan: cardiomyopathy triggered by stress like infection or chemical exposure Toxicity: Selenosis: high levels of Se lead to GI upsets, hair loss, bad breath, fatigue, mild nerve damage Major sources from plants cuz in soil, nuts, seafood, meats

8/24/17 Flashcards

(51 cards)