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Foundations 1 > 8/9/17 and some 10 > Flashcards

8/9/17 and some 10 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Heme favor O2 relative to CO

A

Ligand constrained to bind in bent fashion, normal for O2 but not CO

CO only binds slightly better

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2
Q

Mb vs Hb

A

Mb a monomer, Hb a tetramer

Mb stores 02 while Hb transports it

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3
Q

O2 dissociation curves

A

Mb has higher oxygen affinity, reservoir for oxygen in skeletal muscles

Hb has sigmoidal curve that demonstrates cooperativity

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4
Q

T and R state

A

T is low oxygen

R is high oxygen

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5
Q

Proximal His

A

F8 from N terminus

His 87 each alpha helix

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6
Q

Oxygen binding

A

Fe2+ binds to proximal His and is above the plane of the ring

Oxygen pulls Fe2+ back into ring plane and moves the helix with the proximal His

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7
Q

Subunit interface interactions

A

Tetramer functions more so like a dimer of dimers

A1B1 = A2B2
A1A2
A1B2 = A2B1
B1B2

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8
Q

T state stabilization

A

A1B2 interface:
His B146 with Lys A40

A1A2:
His A122 with Asp A126

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9
Q

Allosteric Inhibitors of Hb

A

Shift dissoc curve right, more oxygen unloading in tissues

pH
Intracellular cons of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), binds to Beta subunits
CO2 binding to Hb

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10
Q

Bohr Effect

A

Effect of pH on Hb oxygen affinity

Only acid Bohr effect works

More acid means less oxygen bound

T state has greater affinity for protons than R state from His residues

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11
Q

Short term adjustment to high altitude

A

Up intra-erythrocytes conc. Of BPG

BPG comes from increased glycolytic activity

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12
Q

Role of inspire

A

Uncharged so pass into RBCs and converted to BPG to help increase the depleted levels

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13
Q

CO2 transport

A

Carbamoylation of the N terminal

Stabilizes T state over R

NOT by binding to heme

Carries CO2 from tissues to lungs, also does H+

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14
Q

Screening

A

Presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or condition by tests or other procedures

Perform on healthy people, not used for diagnostic

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15
Q

Types of disease prevention

A

Primary: prevent disease before it starts, before disease onset

Secondary: delay symptoms, onset to symptom appearance

Tertiary: slow disease progression, symptoms to death

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16
Q

Validity types

A

Internal: measure what supposed to

External: how well result generalize to rest of the population

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17
Q

Test sensitivity

A

Number of people who screen positive divided by the number of people actually with the disease

Optimize to prevent disease transmission

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18
Q

Test specificity

A

Number of peps who screen negative among those who actually don’t have the disease

Optimize for fatal disease with no treatment

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19
Q

Predictive values

A

Positive: peps with disease that tested positive divided by all positive tests

Negative: peps with disease that tested negative divided by all negative tests

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20
Q

miRNA

A

Regulate mRNA by degrade or inhibit translation if same or complementary to miRNA sequence

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21
Q

7SL RNA

Study These Flashcards
A

Protein targeting

Forms ribonucleoprotein complex with 6 proteins to make signal recognition particle to move new protein to ER

22
Q

TATA box

Study These Flashcards
A

TATA Binding Protein is part of TFIID

Cis-acting element that serves as a spot for a promoter to bind for increased transcription

TBP is saddle shape that bends DNA sharply

23
Q

Enhancer

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A

Independent of distance of transcriptional start, IND of location, and IND of orientation

Segment of DNA that increases transcription

24
Q

Promoter

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A

DNA that binds to RNA polymerase and controls transcription

Switch for on or off that can be positively or negatively regulated

25
Trans-acting factor
Protein factor that binds to cigs-acting elements
26
RNA polymerase for mRNA
Pol II, prokaryotes only have one pol for all RNA types
27
Features of transcription
No primer is required, unlike DNA replication Synthesized 5' to 3' and only use one strand of DNA for template Template strand is the DNA strand that runs from 3' to 5'
28
Transcriptional start site
First nucleotide of Exon 1, upstream DNA would be the promoter
29
Does RNA polymerase unwind DNA?
Yes, and then rewinds when move past
30
PolyA addition
Endonuclease recognizes AAUAAA and cleaves RNA downstream Polyadenylate polymerase then adenylates the residue
31
Genomic imprinting
Methylated CpG of one parental allele Cytosine is methylated in CpG Look at last slide of 2nd articulate on Thursday 8/10
32
mRNA stability for post-transcriptional regulation RBC
When cellular iron conc. Is low, protein binds to 3' end of transferrin receptor mRNA and prevents it from being degraded, results in increased iron conc.
33
Translational regulation of RBCs
Globin protein synthesis is regulated by the heme conc. Regulated at initiation of translation Little heme means little globin synthesis
34
What explains X inactivation?
DNA methylation
35
Actinomycetes D
Intercalated in DNA so bad template for RNA synthesis, transcription inhibitor Works in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
36
Rifamyacin or rifampicin
Interferes with formation of first phosphodiester bond , inhibit initiation of RNA synthesis Only affects prokaryotes
37
Alpha-amanitin
Binds to RNA Pol II so blocks eukaryotic transcription Mushroom
38
Prokaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors Inhibit translation
Tetracycline: block A site and inhibits binding of charged tRNA Chloramphenicol: inhibits peptidyl transferase activity Erythromycin: binds to 50S subunit and inhibits translocation Streptomycin: causes misreading and inhibits translation Neomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin: interferes with 16S rRNA
39
Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors Inhibit translation
Structure similar to the 3' end of an amino-acyl tRNA, binds to empty A site, peptide with puromycin at C terminus
40
Eukaryotic protein inhibitors Inhibit translation
Cycloheximide: blocks peptidyl transferase activity Diphtheria toxin: 2 polypeptides covalently modify translocase to inactivate translocation, immunization against this bacterial toxin is universal in US Ricin: inactivated the 60S subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome
41
Systemic lupus erythematosus SLE
Auto-immune disease that causes chronic inflammation, snRNPs are targets of the antibodies Joint pain and swelling, butterfly rash on cheeks
42
Testicular feminization
XY with androgens Lack androgen receptor Man boobs
43
Chronic myeloid nous leukemia
Translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, Philly Chromosome Cancer of white blood cells
44
Methotrexate
Treats cancer by inhibiting dihydrofulate reductase to produce inadequate amount of thymine and stop cell proliferation Resistance by gene amplification of DHFR gene to dampen the effects of competitive inhibition
45
Vitamin deficiency anemia
Vitamin B12 for Hemoglobin production is needed
46
Hemolytic anemia
Destruction of RBCs for various reasons
47
Aplastic anemia
Rare, bone marrow fails to produce all types of blood cells
48
HbS Polymerization factors
Intracellular Hb composition, higher % of HbS has higher polymerization Intracellular Hb conc., higher HbS conc. Has greater polymerization, dehydration makes worse Oxygenation, polymerization favored at low oxygen saturation, acidosis promotes polymerization cuz makes HbS deoxygenation
49
Clinical manifestations of sickle cell
Anemia, frequent infections, joint pain, dyspnea, leg lesions heal poorly, vaso-occlusive crises, severe pain
50
Short term sickle cell treatments
Hydration, oxygenation, narcotic analgesics, exchange transfusions, antibiotics
51
Long term sickle cell treatments
Iron chelators, hydroxyurea, bone marrow transplantation, antioxidants, gene therapy
52
Inosine
Converted to BPG in cell Used for stored blood

Foundations 1 (19 decks)

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