8: Anatomy - Urinary incontinence and prolapse Flashcards

(39 cards)

1
Q

What separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum?

A

Pelvic floor

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2
Q

What structures make up the pelvic floor?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

Perineal muscles

Perineal membrane

all in the urogenital triangle

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3
Q

What are the two muscle groups found in the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani

Coccygeus

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4
Q

What is the gap between the levator ani muscles called?

What is contained within it?

A

Urogenital hiatus

Urethra (males and females) and vagina (in females)

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5
Q

What is the innermost levator ani muscle?

What does it enclose?

A

Puborectalis

Rectum

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6
Q

What are the three levator ani muscles?

A

Puborectalis

Pubococcygeus (to anococcygeal ligament, not a true sling)

Iliococcygeus

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7
Q

The levator ani muscles are (contracted / relaxed) by default.

A

contracted

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8
Q

Which somatic motor nerves supply the

a) superior
b) inferior

aspects of the levator ani muscles?

A

a) Nerve to levator ani S3-5

b) Pudendal nerve S2-4

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9
Q

Which lateral rotator of the hip is iliococcygeus closely related to?

A

Obturator internus

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10
Q

In what fascia does the neurovasculature of the pelvis descend?

A

Endopelvic fascia

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11
Q

What structures hold the pelvic organs in place?

Can you give an example?

A

Pelvic ligaments

Uterosacral ligaments

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12
Q

Which pouch is covered superiorly by the levator ani and inferiorly by the perineal membrane?

A

Deep perineal pouch

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13
Q

Which muscle, found in the male and female, is found in the deep urethral pouch and attaches to the external urethral sphincter?

A

Compressor urethrae

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14
Q

Which muscle is found posteriorly in the deep perineal pouch but is only named in males?

A

Deep transverse perineal muscle

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15
Q

Which glands are found within the deep transverse perineal muscle in males?

A

Bulbourethral glands / Cowper’s glands

produce lubricant

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16
Q

Which deep gluteal muscle is the iliococcygeus muscle closely related to?

A

Obturator internus

17
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

What female gland are they homologous to?

A

Secrete lubricant and alkali amongst other things into the semen to improve chances of fertilisation

Bartholin’s glands / Greater vestibular glands

18
Q

Which veins are contained in the deep perineal pouch?

A

Dorsal veins of the penis / clitoris

19
Q

What are the contents of the deep perineal pouch?

A

In both sexes:

urethra, external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae, fat, dorsal veins

In males:

+ deep transverse perineal muscle and bulbourethral glands

In females:

+ vagina

20
Q

Which lower limb muscles are closely related to the pelvic diaphragm muscles?

A

Obturator internus

Piriformis

remember these form the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity

21
Q

In which space is the root of the penis found in males?

A

Superficial perineal pouch

22
Q

The superficial perineal pouch contains the ___ of the penis in males.

A

root of the penis

23
Q

What are the two parts of the root of the penis?

24
Q

Which structure develops from the bulb of the penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum

25
What is the purpose of the **corpus spongiosum**?
**Transmits spongy urethra**
26
Which structures develop from the two **crura** of the penis?
**Corpus cavernosa**
27
What does **crura** mean?
**Leg** So the penis has two legs --\> corpus cavernosum(s?)
28
What is the purpose of the **corpus cavernosum**?
**Fill with blood during erection**
29
What are the **muscles** associated with urination and ejaculation in males?
**Bulbospongiosus x1** **Ischiocavernosus x2** named for what they attach to
30
What are the **three erector muscles** found in the **superficial perineal pouch** in males?
**Bulbospongiosus x1** **Ischiocavernosus x2**
31
Which **perineal muscle** is found in the **superficial perineal pouch** in both males and females?
**Superficial transverse perineal muscle** Remember the **deep** muscle is only found in males, in the deep perineal pouch
32
Which **nerve** innervates the **erector muscles** in the male?
**Internal pudendal nerve**
33
What are the **greater vestibular glands** in females also known as? Where are they found?
**Bartholin's glands** Superficial perineal pouch
34
In which **perineal pouch** are the Bartholin's glands found?
**Superficial perineal pouch**
35
What is the function of **Bartholin's glands**? Which male glands are they homologous to?
**Secrete lubricant into the vagina** **Bulbourethral / Cowper's glands**
36
The **deep transverse perineal muscle** is found in **(males / females).** The **superficial transverse perineal muscle** is found in **(males / females).**
**deep transverse perineal** - males only, deep perineal pouch **superficial transverse perineal** - both, superficial perineal pouch
37
Which **structures** help to maintain **urinary continence?**
**a) Levator ani, external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae** (+ prostate gland in males)
38
Which **levator ani** muscle controls **faecal continence?**
**Puborectalis**
39
What are some different types of pelvic prolapse in women?
**Vaginal** **Uterine** **Bladder (Cystocele)** **Rectum (Rectocele)** **Peritoneal (Enterocele)**