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Lab > PHYSIOEX Lab 3 - Experiments 1-9 > Flashcards

PHYSIOEX Lab 3 - Experiments 1-9 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system contains two types of cells

A

neurons and neuroglia (or glial cells)

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2
Q

the receptor potential can trigger another electrical signal (called action potential) which travels where?

A

along the membrane of the sensory neurons axon to the brain

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3
Q

Action potential causes the release of what

A

chemical neurotransmitters

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4
Q

T/F: interneurons respond to chemical neurotrasmitters released by other neurons

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Neuron has three function regions:

A

receiving region
conducting region
output region or secretory region

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6
Q

cell body and dendrites of interneurons receive stimulation by neurotransmitters at structures called? and produce what?

A

chemical synapses and produce synaptic potentials

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7
Q

the conducting region is usually an _______ which ends in an output region where neurotransmitter is released

A

axon

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8
Q

define neuron

A

single cell surrounded by continous plasma membrane

each region contains distinct membrane proteins that provide the basis for the function differences

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9
Q

Dscribe the receiving end of the neuron:

A

has receptor proteins and proteins that generate the receptor potential

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10
Q

Describe the conducting region of the neuron

A

has proteins that generate and conduct action potentials

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11
Q

describe the output region of the neuron

A

has proteins to package and release neurotransmitters

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12
Q

T/F: ions cannot easily pass through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and must pass through ion channels

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Describe membrane potential:

A

it is more common to measure the potential difference, or voltage, across the membrane this membrane voltage is usually called the membrane potential

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14
Q

what are the units of the membrane potential called?

A

millivolts (mV)

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15
Q

Describe polarized:

A

plasma membrane can store a charge and has a relatively positive side and a relatively negative side. the membrane is polarized.

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16
Q

what occurs when two sides (intracellular and extracelluar) are connected through open ion channesl?

A

current in the form of ions can flow in or out across the membrane and thus change the membrane voltage.

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17
Q

For many neurons, ____ and ____ are the most important ions

A

Na+ and K+

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18
Q

What is the approximate concentration of K+ inside a typical cell (intracellular concentration

A

150mM

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19
Q

What is the approximate concentration of K+ outside a cell (extracellular concentration

A

5mM

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20
Q

What is the approximate concentration of Na+ inside a cell (intracellular concentration

A

5mM

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21
Q

What is the approximate concentration of Na+ outside a cell (extracellular concentration

A

150mM

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22
Q

the sensory receptor is the ____________________________________

A

receiving end of a sensory neuron

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23
Q

the sensory receptor has receptor proteins that general a signal called the

A

receptor potential

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24
Q

describe sensory transduction:

A

the energy in the stimulus is changed into an electral response that involves the opening or closing of a membrane ion channel

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25
Q

describe depolarization

A

if the response (receptor potential) is a change in membrane potential from the negative resting potential to a less negative level

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26
Q

which of the following is a sensory modality:

A

touch, smell, sight, pain

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27
Q

which of the following is a sensory stimulus

A

pressure, chemical odorants, light

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28
Q

which of the ofllowing is true of the response of a sensory neuron to the appropriate sensory stimulus

A

it can be called a receptor potential, it is graded potential, it is a change in the resting membrane potential

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29
Q

Describe Axon

A

long, thin structures that conduct a signal called the action potential

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30
Q

in a typical multipolar neuron the axon extends from the cell body at a regionaled called:

A

axon hillock

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31
Q

in a myelinated axon, the first region is called the ______

A

initial segment

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32
Q

an action potential is usually initiaated at the junction of the axon hillock and the initial segment; therefore, this region is called

A

trigger zone

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33
Q

in a sensory neuron, the depolarizing receptor potential spreads _______ to the __________ and produces the depolarization needed to evoke the _________

A

passively
axon hillock
action potential

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34
Q

once an action potential is generated, it is regenerated down the membrane of the axon. the action potential is________________ or conducted, down the axon

A

propagated

35
Q

a nerve is _

A

a bundle of axons

36
Q

axons are

A

long, thin structures that extend from a neuronal cell body

37
Q

which of the following is easier:

A

extracellular recordings of the action potential

38
Q

an action potential is usually initiaed in an axon at or near:

A

the axon hillock, the initial segment, the trigger zone

39
Q

the initiation of an action potential in a sensory neron in the body normally:

A

follows a sufficiently large depolarizing receptor potential

40
Q

voltage-gated sodium channels open when

A

the membrane depolarizes

41
Q

each _____ channel that opens allows ______ to diffuse in the cell down their electrochemical gradient

A

sodium channel

Na+ ions

42
Q

voltage-gated Na+ channels are membrane channels that open:

A

when the membrane depolarizes

43
Q

when open, Na= channels allow:

A

Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell

44
Q

which of the following is true of an action potential:

A

the generation of an action potential uses voltage-gated Na+ channels, an action potential is a large, all or none change in membrane potential

45
Q

which of the following can reduce the likelihood of an action potential:

A

TTX, lidocaine, creasing the leak of K+ from a cell

46
Q

voltage-gated sodium channels in the plasma membrane of the excitable cell ______ when the membrane ________

A

open

depolarizes

47
Q

which of the following occurs after the peak of the action potential:

A

the membrane repolarizes
voltage-gated K+ channels open
some voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate

48
Q

which is mean by Na+ channel inactivation

A

the Na+ channels no longer allows Na+ ions to pass through

49
Q

what happens when voltage-gated K+ channels open:

A

K+ ions can diffuse out of the cell
the membrane repolarizes from the peak of the action potential
it becomes harder for a subsequent stimulus to depolarize the membrane to threshold.

50
Q

it is harder to generate a second action potential soon after the first action potential because

A

some voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated
voltage-gated K+ channels have opened
the efflux of K+ ions opposes a depolarization towartd threshold

51
Q

the time after an action potential when a second action potential cannot be generated no matter how intentse the stimulus is called the

A

absolute refractory period

52
Q

the time after an action potential when a second action potential can be generated on:

A

if the stimulus intensiyt is increased is called the relative refractory period

53
Q

the term frequency refers to

A

the number of action potentials per second

54
Q

propagation/conduction occurse because

A

there are voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels located along the axon and the large depolarzation that constitues the action potential easily brings the next gion of the axon to threshold

55
Q

_________________can be easily calculated by knowing both the distance the action potential travels and the amount of time it takes

A

conduction velocity

56
Q

velocity has the units of distance per time, typically ______________

A

meters/second

57
Q

what parameters influence the conduction velocity in an axon?

A

axon diameter and amount of myelination

58
Q

myelination refers

A

to a special wrapping of tthe membrane from glial cells around the axon

59
Q

in the central nervous systems: ________ are the glial that wrap around the axon

A

oligodendorcyts

60
Q

in the peripheral nervous sytem: the ________ cells are the glial that wrap around the axon

A

schwann cells

61
Q

myelin sheaths are seperated by gaps called

A

nodes of ranvier

62
Q

an action potential can be propagated along an axon because there are

A

voltage-gated channels in the membrane

63
Q

the units of conduction velocity are

A

meters/second

64
Q

which of the following will affect axonal conduction velocity:

A

both the diameter of the axon and the amount of myelination

65
Q

which of the following describes an A fiber

A

large diameter, heavily myelinated

66
Q

which of the following describes a C fiber

A

small diameter, unmyelinated

67
Q

At the end of each axon brach there is a region called the

A

axon terminal

68
Q

describe the function ofthe axon terminal

A

to release packets of chemical neurotransmitters from small intracellular membrane-bound vesicles, called synaptic vesicles

69
Q

neuron releasing chemicals are released by exocytosis and diffuse across a small extracellular space called

A

synapic gap or synaptic deft

70
Q

region where the neurotransmitter is released from one neuron and binds to a receptor on a target cell is called

A

chemical synapse

71
Q

the change in membrane potential of the target is called a

A

synaptic potential or postsynaptic potential

72
Q

exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is normally triggered by the

A

increase in calcium ions in the axon terminal

73
Q

_____________ enters from the outside the cell through membrane calcium channels that are open dby the depolarization of an action potential

A

calcium enters

74
Q

the end of the axon where it contacts a target cell is called the

A

axon terminal

75
Q

neurotransmitter is released into the synapic gap by

A

exocytosis

76
Q

exocytosis of neurotransmitter from the axon terminal is triggered by

A

an increase in the intracellular concentration of Ca2+

77
Q

neurotransmitter released into the synaptic gap reaches the target cell by

A

diffusion

78
Q

at the target, neurotransmitter

A

binds to receptor proteins
causes membrane channels to open or close
causes a change in membrane potential

79
Q

Excitatory postsynapic potential is

A

graded amplitude, depending on teh amount of neurotransmitter and the number of channels it opens

80
Q

sensory neurons respond to an appropriate sensory stimulus with a change in membrane potential that is

A

graded with the stimulus intensity

81
Q

if the depolarization that reaches the axon is large and suprathreshold, the result in the axon is:

A

action potential at higher frequency

82
Q

at the axon terminal, each action potential causes the release of neurotransmitter. this neurotransmitter diffuses to the receiving end of an interneuron, where it binds to receptors and causes:

A

ion channels to open, so that the receiving end of the interneuron depolarizes

83
Q

interneurons respond to chemical stimulation with a change in membrane potential that is

A

graded with the stimulus intensity

Lab (16 decks)

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