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AP Chem > 8.1-8.4 > Flashcards

8.1-8.4 Flashcards

1
Q

acids

A

a substance that donates H+ to a solution
begins as a covalent (non-metal, non-metal) molecule

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2
Q

bases

A

a negative ion that can accept an H+ ion in solution or has at least one lone pair of electrons
a substance that donates OH- ions to a solution

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3
Q

amphoteric

A

can act as an acid and a base
ex. water

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4
Q

autoionization

A

the act of amphoteric substance’s molecules reacting with itself
reactants are favored

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5
Q

Kw

A

equilibrium expression for the autoionization of water
ion product constant for water

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6
Q

H3O+ is aka…

A

water with an H+ ion, or aqueous H+

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7
Q

if [H+] = [OH-]

A

the solution is neutral

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8
Q

if [H+] > [OH-]

A

the solution is acidic

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9
Q

if [H+] < [OH-]

A

the solution is basic

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10
Q

pH and pOH measure

A

how many ions per solution (concentration)

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11
Q

neutral pH

A

7

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12
Q

acidic pH

A

below 7 (0-7)

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13
Q

basic pH

A

above 7 (7-14)

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14
Q

[H+] = 10^

A

-pH

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15
Q

[OH-] = 10^

A

-pOH

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16
Q

Ka = 10^

A

-pKa

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17
Q

strong acids

A

pH close to zero

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18
Q

weak acids

A

pH close to 7

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19
Q

strong bases

A

pH close to 14

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20
Q

weak bases

A

pH close to 7

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21
Q

strong acids/bases

A

completely dissociate

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22
Q

dissociation is written…

A

with a single arrow (–>)
–the ions are NOT strong enough to react back and form the compound

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23
Q

strong acids to memorize

A

Hi (HI) cool (HCl) bro (HBr), can we all be ClO? (HClO3 HClO4) No, (HNO3) so (HSO4) 3434.

24
Q

[H+] = (strong acid)

A

[acid]

25
Q

[OH-] = (strong base)

A

[base] (if in 1:1)

26
Q

strong bases to memorize

A

metal hydroxides containing cations from Group 1 and 2 on the periodic table

27
Q

weak acids/bases

A

do NOT completely dissociate
weak dissociation is written with a double arrow (<—->)
-the ions are strong enough to react with each other and form the compound

28
Q

Ka =

A

for weak acids
equation sheet, when HA <–> H + A-

29
Q

the larger the Ka,

A

the stronger the (weak) acid
-more ions in solution = acid dissociate more = acid is stronger

30
Q

percent ionization

A

measurement of the extent of ionization (usually of an acid)
-a strong acid will have 100%
–a weak acid will have a much lower %

31
Q

percent ionization formula

A

percent ionization = ([H3O+]eq/[HA]i)x100

32
Q

weak bases

A

equation: B + H2O <—-> HB+ + OH-

33
Q

the larger the Kb

A

the stronger the “weak” base

34
Q

weak bases have…

A

lone pairs or a negative charge

35
Q

use a ___ table when not dealing with equilibrium/concentrations

A

BCA, Before Change After

36
Q

Strong acid + strong base

A

reaction will go to completion

37
Q

pH depends on

A

what is remaining in excess

38
Q

strong acid/base and weak acid/base

A

anytime ONE reactant is strong, the reaction will go to completion

39
Q

stronger substance will…

A

more greatly affect pH than a weak substance

40
Q

an acid’s/base’s strength is determined by…

A

it’s conjugate

41
Q

conjugate acid-base pairs

A

acid + conjugate base (acid - H)
base + conjugate acid (base + H)

42
Q

conjugate acid-base pairs have…

A

opposite strength

43
Q

a strong acid/base will create…

A

a non-reactive conjugate

44
Q

a non-reactive substance

A

does not react
does not have the characteristics of an acid or a base

45
Q

an arrow pointed in a single direction insinuates
check

A

it is weak

46
Q

the conjugate of a weak acid/base will be

A

relatively strong

47
Q

an equilibrium/double arrow insinuates

A

it is strong

48
Q

in every acid-base reaction, equilibrium favors transfer of the H+ ion from

A

the stronger acid to the stronger base
this forms the weaker acid and the weaker base

49
Q

organic molecules with more oxygen atoms will be

A

more acidic/stronger

50
Q

to determine if a salt is acidic, basic, or neutral

A
  • split the salt into its ions
  • see if the cation and anion will attract H+ or OH-
  • see if the new compounds are strong or weak
    -if both strong/weak = neutral
    -if SA but WB = acidic
  • if SB but WA = basic
51
Q

not on unit test
if a substance has a basic anion (-), the solid will be…

A

more soluble in an acidic solution

52
Q

not on unit test
solubility increaases when

A

able to react and form a new product in the liquid

53
Q

buffer

A

a solution that contains a conjugate acid-base pair
able to maintain the pH of a solution when small amounts of acids or bases are added to the solution

54
Q

buffer solutions

A

a solution containing a WEAK acid and its conjugate base or a WEAK base and its conjugate acid
resist changes to pH

55
Q

for a buffer to be the most effective

A

needs to have equal concentration of acid and base

AP Chem (10 decks)

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