8.1 Mutations Flashcards
When do gene mutations occur
Spontaneously during DNA replication
What increases the rate of mutation
- Exposure to mutagenic agents e.g
- ionising radiation (UV/X-ray)
- Smoking
- Diet/obesity
What are examples of mutagenic agents
- Ionising radiation (UV/X-ray)
- Smoking
- Diet/obesity
Examples of ionising radiation
UV light / X-ray
What types of mutation cause a frameshift
Deletion, addition, duplication
What types of mutation do NOT cause a frameshift
- Substitution
- Inversion
- Translocation
Why may a substituion mutation not have any affect on an individual
DNA is degenerate
How do any mutations affect an individual (substitution, deletion, addition, inversion and duplication)
- Alters the primary and tertiary structure of the protein produced
- By changing hydrogen and ionic bonds between amino-acids in different places
How does a translocation mutation affect an individual
- Alters the primary and tertiary structure of both protiens produced
- By changing hydrogen and ionic bonds between different amino-acids in different places
What is the mutation in a substitution mutation
Change to single base
What is the mutation in a deletion mutation
Removal of a base
What is the mutation in an addition mutation
Addition of a base
What is the mutation in a inversion mutation
Section of DNA reversed
What is the mutation in a duplication mutation
Adds additional triplets
What is the mutation in a tranlocation mutation
Moves sequence of bases to different part of / different chromosome
