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FLS > Lecture 5: Cellular response to stress > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Cellular response to stress Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 core aspects of diseases?

A
  1. Etiology
  2. Pathogenesis
  3. Morphologic changes
  4. Clinical manifestations
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2
Q

What 4 factors lead to cell injury?

A
  1. Limits of adaptive responses are exceeded (cells are burned out)
  2. Cells exposed to injurious agents/stress
  3. Cells don’t have proper nutrients
  4. Cells are impacted by genetic mutations
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3
Q

What happens to cellular proteins with hypertrophy?

A

There is an increase in their production

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4
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of cells

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5
Q

When does hyperplasia start and stop?

A

It occurs when there is a stimulus and ends when the stimulus ends

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6
Q

Do hypertrophy and hyperplasia often happen at the same time?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What is the definition of atrophy?

A

There is a reduction in the tissue or organ size due to decrease in cell size and number

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8
Q

Know autophagy

A

A cell eats its own contents, such as those that accumulate during aging, stress or disease

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9
Q

What is metaplasia? How does this impact underlying stem cells?

A

Reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another, whereby stem cells are differentiated to replace cells that are needing to be replaced.

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10
Q

What is a common cause of cell injury?

A

Hypoxia

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11
Q

What are the two principle pathways of cell death?

A

Apoptosis and necrosis

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12
Q

What does necrosis lead to in regards to the structure of the cell?

A
  1. Denaturation of the intracellular enzymes

2. Loss of membrane integrity

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13
Q

Know the difference between polymorphisms and mutations

A

Polymorphisms are common differences in DNA sequence that don’t have to lead to disease, while mutations more likely result in changes

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14
Q

What is coagulative necrosis? What is it often associated with?

A

It is the architecture of dead tissues and cells preserved for a few days; it is often associated with ischemia secondary to an obstructed vessel

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15
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis? Where is it typically seen?

A

Enzymatic digestion of dead cells results in liquid viscous mass, and seen mostly in brain infarcts

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16
Q

What is caseous necrosis, what disease is it typically associated with, and what is its pattern of inflammation called?

A

“Cheese-like”, often seen in tuberculosis, called granuloma

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17
Q

With what types of diseases do you typically see fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Normally seen in immune reactions with blood vessels (like vasculitis)

18
Q

What are the three major causes of ATP depletion?

A
  1. Reduced supply of oxygen and/or nutrients
  2. Mitochondrial damage
  3. ADP
19
Q

What ion can result in cell death by accumulating in the mitochondria and opening mitochondrial permeability transition pores?

A

Calcium

20
Q

What is the most common cause of cell injury in clinical medicine?

A

Ischemia

21
Q

What three reasons is reperfusion of ischemic tissue dangerous?

A
  1. Increased generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (perhaps free radicals and nitrite species)
  2. Intracellular calcium overload
  3. Inflammation/activation of complement system
22
Q

The activation of caspases results in apoptosis. What are these enzymes activted by? (2 possibilities)

A

Activated by the mitochondria or death receptor pathways

23
Q

In mammalian cells, what pathway is the major mechanism of apoptosis?/

A

Mitochondrial pathway

24
Q

The TP53 gene is termed what, and what type of protein does it encode?

A

“Tumor suppresor gene”, which encodes a P53 protein in cells when DNA is damaged

25
Q

What are 3 ways that cells protect against having too many misfolded proteins?

A
  1. Increased ER chaperone protein production (chaperones help protein folding)
  2. Enhanced destruction of misfolded proteins
  3. Slowed protein translation
26
Q

What is special about necroptosis?

A

It is cell death that acts like apoptosis mechanistically, but appears necrotic morphologically

27
Q

How is necroptosis triggered, and what is it characterized by?

A

Triggered genetically, and characterized by the plasma membrane rupturing, cell/organelle swelling and ROS generation

28
Q

What are 2 examples of diseases resulting from necroptosis?

A
  1. Steatohepatitis

2. Acute pancreatitis

29
Q

What are the 4 main pathways for abnormal intracellular accumulation?

A
  1. Inadequate removal of normal substance
  2. Accumulate abnormal endogenous substances
  3. Not degrading metabolites
  4. Depositing or accumulating abnormal exogenous substance
30
Q

What is steatosis? Where is it often seen?

A

Abnormal intracellular accumulation of triglycerides, often seen in the liver (major organ for fat metabolism)

31
Q

What is atherosclerosis and what is it associated with?

A

Intracellular cholesterol accumulation within the intimal layer of aorta and large arteris; associated with hypercholesterolemia

32
Q

What are xanthomas and what are they associated with?

A

Intracellular cholesterol accumulations in skin and tendons, associated with hypercholesterolemia

33
Q

What is antracosis?

A

Blackening of lungs and lymph nodes

34
Q

Metabolism of what two substances results in color changes seen in healing bruises?

A

Heme and iron metabolism

35
Q

What is dystrophic calcification? Where can you see this?

A

Calcium deposition in dying tissues; seen in aging/damaged heart valves

36
Q

Name two disorders related to metastatic calcification?

A

Hyperparathyroidism and renal failure

37
Q

Warner syndrome is characterized by what type of defective enzyme?

A

Defective DNA helicase

38
Q

What is a major mechanism of replicative senescence?

A

Progressive shortening of telomeres

39
Q

What two cells have telomerase, and what type does not?

A

Expressed in germ cells and minutely in stem cells, but not in most somatic cells

40
Q

What two benefits occur from calorie restriction?

A
  1. Attenuates growth factor signaling

2. Increase in sirtuins (increase longevity)

FLS (11 decks)

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