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FLS > Lecture 9: Inflammation > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What three mediators of defense normally circulate in the blood?

A
  1. Leukocytes
  2. Antibodies
  3. Complement proteins
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2
Q

Name the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Tumor (swelling)
  3. Calor (heat)
  4. Dolor (pain)
  5. Functio laesa (loss of function)
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3
Q

What are the major cell types for acute inflammation?

A

Leukocytes, particularly neutrophils

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4
Q

What are the major cell types for chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

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5
Q

What are the three major components of acute inflammation, which have to do with blood vessels?

A
  1. Dilation of small blood vessels
  2. Increased permeability of small blood vessels
  3. Emigration of leukocytes from microcirculation
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6
Q

Compare transudate and exudate

A

Transudate has extravascular fluid with low protein and little if any cell debris; Exudate is extravascular fluid with high protein content and cellular debris

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7
Q

What are three major components of pus?

A

Exudate with…

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Dead cell debris
  3. Microbes
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8
Q

Is histamine a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?

A

Vasodilator

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9
Q

What are the most important leukocytes, which are capable of phagocytosis and production of growth factors for repai?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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10
Q

What do chemokines do, in relation to inflammation?

A

They are cytokines with the function of leukocyte recruitment

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11
Q

What are cytokines?

A

They are “messenger molecules” of the immune system

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12
Q

What are the proteins called that slow leukocytes in the blood, so they can attach to areas of inflammation?

A

Selectins

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13
Q

When the leukocyte becomes firmly attached at the point of offense, what protein mediates this process?

A

Integrins

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14
Q

What are exogenous agents, which are important in chemotaxis?

A

Bacterial products

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15
Q

What are endogenous agents, which are important for chemotaxis?

A

Cytokines, and similar products (like arachidonic acid metabolites)

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16
Q

Between neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, which occurs first (at what point after edema) and at what point does the second leukocyte replace it?

A

Neutrophils come first at 6-24 hours after initial edema, and then they are replaced by macrophages at 24-48 hours after initial inflammation

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17
Q

What increases the efficiency of phagocytosis of microbes?

A

Opsonization, which coats the microbes with receptors

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18
Q

What is alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency?

A

Predisposition to emphysema and cirrhosis due to a deficiency in alpha 1 antitrypsin (which normally restricts lysosomal enzymes, which can cause tissue destruction during inflammation)

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19
Q

Prostaglandins are generated by the catabolism of what acid by what mediator?

A

They are generated by the cyclooxygenase-mediated catabolism of arachidonic acid; catabolizing this enzyme is the “blood thinning” part of aspirin

20
Q

What three functions are prostaglandins important for?

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Pain
  3. Fever
21
Q

How are leukotrienes generated?

A

By the lipoxygenase-mediate catabolism of arachidonic acid

22
Q

What are the three functions of leukotrienes?

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Vascular permeability
  3. Bronchospasm
23
Q

How are lipoxins generated?

A

By the process of lipoxygenase-mediated catabolism of arachidonic acid

24
Q

What is the main role of lipoxins?

A

To suppress inflammation by inhibiting leukocyte chemotaxis

25
Q

Where is histamine stored?

A

In mast cell granules

26
Q

What 3 interleukins have roles in acute inflammation?

A

IL-1, IL-6 and Il-17

27
Q

What is a critical step in the complement system? (involves 3 components)

A

The proteolysis (cleavage) of C2 into C3a and C3b

28
Q

What is the classical pathway of activation of the complement system?

A

Triggered by the fixation of C1 to antibody-antigen complex

29
Q

What is the alternative pathway of activation of the complement system?

A

It is triggered by contact with microbial components

30
Q

What is the lectin pathway of activation of the complement system?

A

It occurs when circulating mannose-binding lectin recognizes microbial sugars

31
Q

What three important functions does C3 proteolysis lead to?

A
  1. Pro-inflammatory state (for chemotaxis, for example)
  2. Opsonization with C3b (leads to phagocytosis)
  3. Cell lysis (kills microbes with thin cell walls)
32
Q

All acute inflammatory reactions will have 1 of 3 outcomes: what are they?

A
  1. Complete resolution
  2. Healing by CT replacement (scarring/fibrosis)
  3. Progression to chronic inflammation
33
Q

What are the three causes of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Persistent infection (TB)
  2. Prolonged exposure to toxic agents (i.e. atherosclerosis)
  3. Hypersensitivity disease (RA)
34
Q

What does the classical macrophage pathway lead to, and what function does it lead to?

A

It leads to macrophages (M1) with microbicidal and pro-inflammatory effects

35
Q

What does the alternative macrophage pathway lead to, including what function?

A

Leads to macrophages (M2) whose principle function is tissue repair

36
Q

What is the major function of lymphocytes?

A

They are mediators of adaptive immunity

37
Q

Cytokines, like IL-1, IL-6 and TNF may produce what characteristic clinical changes related to inflammation?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Acute-phase proteins
  3. Leukocytosis
38
Q

What are labile tissues, with one example?

A

They are tissues that continuously divide, such oral mucosa

39
Q

What are examples of tissues with minimal regeneration capability (i.e. stable tissues)?

A

Liver, kidney, pancreas

40
Q

What type of macrophage is implicated in repairing tissue by connective tissue deposition?

A

M2

41
Q

Name the three steps in scar formation

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Formation of granulation tissue within the site of injury (TGF-Beta is an important cytokine)
  3. Remoderling of CT into dense fibrous scar
42
Q

What 4 factors influence tissue repair?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Diabetes
  3. Nutritional status (such as Vitamin C deficiency)
  4. Glucocorticoids (steroids)
43
Q

What will the strength of sutured wounds be compared to the normal skin?

A

70%

44
Q

What will the strength of tissue be at time of suture removal compared to the normal skin

A

10% the strength of normal skin

45
Q

At 3 months after a procedure, what is the strength of the site compared to the normal skin?

A

70-80%

FLS (11 decks)

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