Chapter 2

Question 1

Ionic bond:

Answer 1

• bond between atoms formed by the transfer of 1 or more electrons.
• Atom that gains electron is called the anion and is the electron acceptor. Also, gains negative charge.
• Atom that loses the electron is called the cation and is the electron donor, also gains a positive charge.
  ie) NaCl

Question 2

Covalent bond:

Answer 2

• electrons are shared between 2 atoms.
  ie) CH4 O2 N2
• polar covalent, unequal sharing of electrons. slightly negative polar region pulls the slightly positive region towards itself.
• non-polar covalent, equal electronegativity.

Question 3

Hydrogen bond:

Answer 3

• Attraction between a hydrogen atom (already covalently linked to one atom) and another atom.
• weakest bond
• responsible for surface tension.
• intramolecular bonds, DNA double helix.

Question 4

Three types of chemical reactions:

Answer 4

Synthesis reactions:
- Anabolic
- Smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules.
ie) AA's join together to form proteins.
Decomposition reactions:
- Catabolic
- Bonds are broken in larger
molecules, resulting in smaller,
less complex molecules.
ie) Glycogen broken down to release glucose molecules.
Exchange reactions:
- Bonds are both made and broken
(also called displacement reactions).
- ATP transfers its phosphate group to form glucose-phosphate.

Question 5

Carbohydrates:

Answer 5

Atoms: C:H:O in 1:2:1 ratio
Monomer: Monosaccharides
- simple sugars 3-7 C atoms
ie) Hexose 6 sugars, pentose 5 sug.
Polymer:
Dissacharides
- 2 monosaccharides bonded by dehydration synthesis (loss of water by hydroxyl from one monomer combining with H of other)
- broken apart by hydrolysis (adding water, one monomer gains a hydroxyl the other a hydrogen)
ie: sucrose, maltose, lactose.
Polysaccharides
- Long chains of sugars bonded by dehydration synthesis.
ie: starch, glycogen, (cellulose).

Question 6

Carbs are energy!

Answer 6

!

Question 7

Lipids

Answer 7

• Atoms; C,O,H
• non polar covalent bonds
• not water soluble
  # types:
  1. Triglycerides:
• 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• most concentrated source of usable energy.
• found mainly beneath skin
  where they insulate and protect.
  2. steroids
  3. lipids

Question 8

Saturated vs unsaturated fats (triglycerides)

Answer 8

saturated
ie: butter
- no double bonds, all covalent single bonds
unsaturated:
- monounsaturated fatty acids
ie: oil
- has a single double bond

• polyunsaturated:
  more than one double bond.

Question 9

Phospholipids

Answer 9

• polar head
• 2 non-polar fatty acid hydrophilic tails
  ie) plasma membrane, transport lipids throughout blood.

Question 10

Steroids

Answer 10

• 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings.

ie) cholesterol, stabilizing membrane.

Question 11

Proteins

Answer 11

atoms: C:H:O:N
Monomers:
AA's
Polymers;
Polypeptides and proteins.
- bonds are peptide bonds fromed by dehydration synthesis, broken down by hydrolysis.
- 10 or more AA's is a polypeptide chain
- 15 or more AA's is a protein
- function of protein determined by AA's

Question 12

Protein structural levels:

Answer 12

Primary structure:
- polypeptide chain
Secondary structure:
- a helixes and b pleated sheets
Tertiary structure:
- orientates itself to hide or expose unique r group
Quaternary structure:
- 2 or more polypeptide chains each with tertiary structures
ie) hemoglobin
ie) collagen, found in connective tissue, most abundant protein in body.

Question 13

Fibrous and Globular Proteins

Answer 13

Fibrous proteins, also known as structural proteins, form
long strands. Some exhibit only secondary structure, but most have tertiary or even quaternary structure as well.

Globular proteins, also called functional proteins, are
compact, spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure. Some also exhibit quaternary structure. The globular proteins are water-soluble, chemically active molecules, and they play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes. Some (antibodies) help to provide immunity, others (protein-based hormones) regulate growth and development, some are transport proteins, and still others (enzymes) are catalysts that oversee
just about every chemical reaction in the body

Question 14

Enzymes:

Answer 14

• catalysts, lower AE

- have active sites that bind to specific substrates

Question 15

central dogma

Answer 15

DNA exists in the nucleus as chromatin, carries instructions for protein production and genetic information.
These instructions are transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
mRNA then leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores and bring instructions to the ribosome. The polypeptide is formed as it is fed through the subunits and hooked onto AA’s delivered by tRNA. Therefore, mRNA is translated to a polypeptide chain

Question 16

Nucleic Acids:

Answer 16

Monomers: nucleotides
Polymers: DNA and RNA
dehydration synthesis/ hydrolysis

Question 17

Nuceotide structure:

Answer 17

• Nitrogenous base
  Purines (2 rings): adenine(A) & guanine(G)
  Pyrimidines (1 ring): Thymine(T), Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U)
• Phosphate group
• Pentose sugar

Question 18

DNA structure:

Answer 18

• Sugar-phosphate backbone

- nitrogenous bases bonded through H bonding in the middle of the double helix.

Question 19

types of RNA:

Answer 19

rRNA:
ribosomal, produces proteins in the ribosomes.
mRNA:
messenger, delivers genetic info from nucleus (through nuclear pores) to ribosomes.
tRNA:
transfer, brings AA’s to the ribsome.

Question 20

Nucleotides are monomers for nucleic acids. However, they have there own distinct functions.

Answer 20

ie)
ATP:
- nucleotide
- bonds between phosphate groups are high energy.
ie) transport work, muscular contractions (mechanical work) and chemical work.

Question 21

Cellular work driven by ATP:

Answer 21

TRANSPORT WORK:
- Membrane transport
MECHANICAL WORK:
- Contraction of muscle cells
CHEMICAL WORK:
- ATP phosphorylates reactants, providing energy for to drive.

Question 22

Arterial pH and CPR:

Answer 22

Normal arterial pH (pH of bloodstream and arteries) is 7.35 to 7.45.

• below 7.35 acidosis.
• above 7.45 is alkalosis.

Question 23

what does pH quantify?

Answer 23

pH quantifies amount of H+ ions.

• the greater the pH, the greater the acidity.
• the lesser the pH, the greater the alkalinity.