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A and P > Latest test > Flashcards

Latest test Flashcards

1
Q

Primary brain from neural tube:

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon
(midbrain)

Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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3
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mesencephalon

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4
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Metaencephalon

Myelencephalon

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5
Q

Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemisphere:
A-cerebral cortex
B-white matter
C-basal nuclei

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6
Q

Frontal lobe

A

1 Primary motor cortex (Skilled voluntary movement)
2 Premotor cortex (staging or planning area for learned motor patterns)
3 Brocas Area
4 Frontal eyefield

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7
Q

Parietal lobe

A

1 Primary Somato sensory cortex

2 somatosensory association area

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8
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  1. Primary visual cortex

2. Visual association areas

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9
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex
  2. Auditory association areas
  3. Primary olfactory cortex
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10
Q

Insular lobe

A

1 Gustatory cortex
2 Visceral sensory area
3 Vestibular equilibrium area

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11
Q

Multimodel association areas

A

1 anterior
2 posterior
3 limbic

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12
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

Skilled voluntary movement

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13
Q

What is the premotor cortex responsible for?

A

Staging or planing area for learned motor patterns

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14
Q

What region of the brain do neurons degenerate in parkinsons disease? *

A

Substantia nigra of the mesencephalon (control dopamine release and movement)

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15
Q

What branch of the nervous system is associated with increased GI tract motility? *

A

Parasympathetic nervous system of ANS

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16
Q

Name the 2 endogenous opiate neurotransmitters?

A

Endorphins and Enkephalins

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17
Q

What is the stretch receptor? *

A

Muscle spindle

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18
Q

What is the left side of the brain responsible for in lateralization? *

A

Language, math, and logic (using skills from math and science to answer a question)

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19
Q

What is the right side of the brain responsible for in lateralization? *

A

Visual skills, facial recognition, spatial skills, emotion, and intuition (problems on the fly like running and walking)

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20
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems counterbalance each other to keep systems running smoothly. The sympathetic increases heart rate, while the parasympathetic slows heart rate.

21
Q

What is reciprocal innervation?

A

innervation so that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles (as of a joint) is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles

22
Q

What is antagonism?

A

Antagonism is a relationship between organisms in which one benefits at the expense of the other.

23
Q

The inhibition of motor neurons to antagonistic muscles while the stimulation of the motor neurons to the agonist muscles occurs in what type of innervation?

A

Reciprocal innervation

24
Q

What is an agonist muscle?

A

The muscle that primarily causes the action to occur (biceps in a bicep curl)

25
Q

What is an antagonist muscle?

A

The muscle the opposes the action of another (tricep extends while bicep flexe).

26
Q

What type of channels open in excitatory postsynaptic graded potentials (EPSP’s) *

A
  • chemically gated ion channels
  • Na+ flows in, K+ out
  • depolarization occurs
    (positive ions flow in to cell)
  • membrane potential moves toward 0 mV (becoming more positive, moving towards threshold)
27
Q

What type of channels open in inhibitory postsynaptic graded potentials (IPSP’s) *

A
  • chemically gated ion channels
  • Cl- flows in, K+ out
  • hyperpolarization occurs
  • membrane potential moves toward -90 mV (becoming more negative, moving away from threshold)
28
Q

Is the resting neuron more permiable to K+ or Na+ *

A

K+

29
Q

Functions of the sodium-potassium pump? *

A
  • stabilizes RMP
  • ejects 3 Na+ out, transport 2 K+ back in.
    steps:
    1. 3 Na+ bind to pump
    2. Phosphate binds to carrier protein (pump) from ATP
    3. Pump changes shape and releases 3 sodium ions outside membrane.
    4. next, 2 K+ ions bind to pump causes shape change and release of phosphate molecule.
    5. 2 K+ ions released inside cell and pump resumes original configuration.
30
Q

Where are meninges found? *

A

Around the brain and spinal chord.

31
Q

Ideal nerve fiber for most rapid action potential? *

A

large diameter, myelinated.

32
Q

Explain depolarization?

A
  • Voltage gated sodium channels allow Na+ to travel down concentration gradient.
33
Q

Explain the channels in repolarization?

A
  • Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed.

- Voltage-gated potassium channels are open.

34
Q

What happens if you drastically increase the amount of potassium (K+) in extracellular fluid?

A

Slower repolarization occurs.

35
Q

Function of neuromodulators?

A

Chemicals that act over an area and change the permiability of neurons.
- NO and adenosine.

36
Q

Sensory (afferent) division of PNS

A
  • brings sensory input towards CNS.
  • uses somatic sensory nerve fibers for info from skin, joints, and skeletal muscle.
  • uses visceral sensory nerve fibers for info from organs.
37
Q

What do somatic sensory nerve fibers sense info from?

A

Sensory afferent division uses somatic sensory nerve fibers for info from skin, joints, and skeletal muscle.

38
Q

What do visceral sensory nerve fibers sense info from?

A

Sensory afferent division uses visceral sensory nerve fibers for info from organs.

39
Q

Functions of the motor efferent division of the PNS?

A
  • motor output function
  • efferent (exiting) division.
  • info sent via motor nerve fibers
  • carries plan to effectors (targets that carry out the plan) ie (muscles, glands).
40
Q

What are the direct subdivisions of the motor efferent division of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

41
Q

Function of somatic nervous system (direct subdivision of the motor efferent division of the PNS along with autonomic)?

A
  • VOLUNTARY nervous system (you have conscious control of it).
  • uses somatic motor nerves that target skeletal muscle.
42
Q

What are the effectors of the somatic motor nerves?

A

skeletal muscle

43
Q

Function of autonomic nervous system (direct subdivision of the motor efferent division of the PNS along with somatic)?

A
  • INVOLUNTARY nervous system
  • carries motor output via visceral motor nerves to effectors (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands).
  • broken up into parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.
44
Q

What is the voluntary nervous system?

A

Somatic nervous system

45
Q

What is the involuntary nervous system?

A

Autonomic nervous system

46
Q

What are the effectors of the visceral motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system?

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

47
Q

Functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • being chased by a bear
  • fight or flight response
  • need to mobilize body systems, get glucose to muscles, to it into ATP and contract.
48
Q

Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • watching the bachelor
  • focus on conserving energy
  • increased GI tract motility
  • glucose into glycogen
  • day to day housekeeping functions during rest

A and P (12 decks)

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