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psyc 365 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

The scientific study of the mind and behaviour.

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2
Q

What are some interests of cognitive psychology?

A

Mechanics and processes of the mind ex) what areas of the brain are involved in memory?

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3
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience and what are some of the questions it asks?

A

Examines relationship between brain processes and mental events. Questions: Do neurons undergo changes as we learn new skills and facts? Are certain functions localized?

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4
Q

What is sensation and perception?

A

Examines relationship between sensory stimulation and perceptual experience. Questions: How does the brain convert light waves into the experience of the colour red?

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5
Q

What is attention?

A

Examines how we focus, divide, lose, or hide attention. Questions: Can people really multitask? Why are some things better at capturing attention than others?

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6
Q

What do we study when we study memory?

A

Examines how we encode, store, and retrieve info for later use.

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7
Q

What is the study of knowledge and categorization?

A

Examines how we form concepts, categorize novel items, and represent knowledge.

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8
Q

What is the study of mental imagery?

A

Examines how we visualize the world (form mental images)

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9
Q

What are psycholinguistics?

A

Examines howe we create, perceieve, and understand language.

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10
Q

What is the study of problem-solving?

A

Examines how we analyze, approach, think about, and solve complex problems.

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11
Q

What is reasoning, logic, and decision making?

A

Examines how we go about thinking about options and arriving at conclusions when we need to make a decision.

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12
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

When we only pay attention to things that confirm our pre-existing beliefs and ignore things that contradict.

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13
Q

What does psychology need to be to be scientific?

A

Empirical (observable), systematic (fair), and must infer psychological states through observed behaviour.

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14
Q

What is systematic observation?

A

Specific test scored aso objectively as possible in a controlled environment.

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15
Q

How do we gather empirical evidence?

A

Administer the same test over time to observe differences or similarities

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16
Q

Why are statistics important?

A

Helps determine whether small differences are just random fluctuation or “real.”

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17
Q

Why would one study cognitive psyc? (3 reasons)

A

1) Major portion of psychology (everything we do involves cognition) 2) Influences many other fields of study. 3) We want to know more about our minds.

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18
Q

What is mind-body dualism?

A

Mind and body are fundamentally different. Mind=immaterial, spiritual entity. Body= physical portion, includes the brain. We cannot unravel the workings of the mind through study of the brain.

19
Q

What did Rene Descartes believe?

A

That the mind and body interacted through the pineal gland and the brain existed solely to cool blood.

20
Q

What is monism (cog psych)?

A

Mind and body are one, mental events correspond to physical events in the brain.

21
Q

What did Franciscus Donders do?

A

The 1st Cog psych experiment 1868 BEFORE the first lab was opened in 1879.

22
Q

What was Donder’s experiment?

A

Wanted to know how long it took the mind to make a simple decision. 2 conditions- Condition A (simple reaction time)-person presses a button when the lightbulb turns on. Condition B (choice reaction time) -light bulb on either side, press a certain button when the left one turns on versus the right.

23
Q

What were the results of Donder’s study?

A

Choice reaction time takes about 0.01 seconds longer, therefore it takes about 0.1 seconds to make a simple decision.

24
Q

What did Hermann Ebbingaus do?

A

Conducted first serious research into nature of memory and forgetting.

25
Q

What was Ebbinghaus’ experiment?

A

Made a list of nonsesne syllables with 0 meaning, memorized list of 13 and then tested himself later on how many he could remember and how quickly he could relearn.

26
Q

What were the results of Ebbinghaus’ experiment?

A

His forgetting curve. Memory decreases very quickly early on, and then slows. His savings curve showed the same results, in that you can relearn things incredibly quickly after forgetting, but it slows down.

27
Q

How do you calculate savings?

A

Time saved/Total time initially.

28
Q

Who came out with the 1st psych lab and what was his school of thought?

A

Wilhelm Wundt in 1879, structuralism

29
Q

What the difference between structuralism and functionalism?

A

Structuralism-Studying the mind by breaking it down into parts- what is each part and how it works when put together
Functionalism-Wanted to describe the adaptive (evolutionary), function of the mind. What does it do and how is it useful? (William James)

30
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

Emphasizes the study of overt, observable behaviours. Direct opposition of mentalism, the mind is not directly observable and therefore cannot be studied empirically.

31
Q

Who was the Father of Behaviourism?

A

John B. Watson. Came up with the tabula rasa (Blank slate idea).

32
Q

Who was B.F. Skinner?

A

A radical behaviourist-we don’t need to resort to mental events as explanations for behaviours. The world acts on the person. Free will is a lie!!

33
Q

What are some of the problems associated with behaviourism?

A

Mind and thought processes were unacceptable for study, the mind was thought to have nothing to do with our behaviour.

34
Q

When did the cognitive revolution begin and when did it start to take hold?

A

Began: 40’s-50s. Took hold: 50’s-70s.

35
Q

What was Kohlers Insight research?

A

Insight-sudden perception of a useful relationship that helps to solve a problem. Kohler took a chimp and put it in a room with food suspended from the ceiling. At first the chimp tried to grab at it, but couldn’t reach. Then the chimp got mad, sulked in a corner, looking around the room. Suddenly the chimp was like OH and got super excited and then stacked a bunch of crates up to grab the food. This directly opposed behaviourism, as behaviourists wouldve thought the chimp would have used trial and error.

36
Q

What was Tolman’s Cognitive Map experiment?

A

Put rats in a circular room, with only one exit leading to some food. Then, placed rats in another room with multiple exits (the original exit was blocked off). Behaviourism would suspect that the rat would chose a path closest to the one that had been blocked off, but the rat actually chose the path that led directly to the goal box.

37
Q

What WWII phenomenon showed some insight into attention?

A

Radar and fighter plane “crashes.”

38
Q

What did Noam Chomsky find out about children’s language development?

A

When children learn languages, they tend to make the same sort of grammatical errors, and will keep making those errors despite having someone tell them not to.

39
Q

How did the development of computers relate to cognitive psychology?

A

People assumed the mind worked like a computer-it was a complex, multipurpose machine, fast and accurate, and a limited capacity processor (could only do so much at once).

40
Q

How does modern cognitive psychology differ from early thoughts?

A

Emphasis put more on thought processes and knowledge, less on the mind being an information processor. Human behaviour is governed by thought.

41
Q

What are some assumptions of cognitive psychology?

A

1) Mental processes exist (key to the psych field)
2) Mental processes can be studied scientifically (Lawful and systematic, can infer these processes by looking at behaviour and physiology)
3) Humans actively process info
4) Cognition is the product of neural activity.

42
Q

What is monism and who supported this idea?

A

Monism: Mind and body are one-mental events correspond to physical events in the brain
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke supported this

43
Q

What was a major tool used to define structuralism?

A

Introspection-which is the examination of one’s own mental processes.

psyc 365 (10 decks)

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