Chapter 6&7 Flashcards
What is long-term memory?
Vast library of more durable, stored memories. Rehearsal=encoding (STM—LTM). Unlimited capacity, unlimited duration.
What is the serial position effect?
Items learned near the beginning or end of the list are much better remembered than items in the middle.
What do the primacy and recency effects demonstrate (serial position effect)
Primacy- demonstrates LTM (as there was lots of rehearsal at the start of the list)
Recency-demonstrates STM due to it being the last few items. (we can eliminate this if we add in a delay before we ask you to repeat)
Who proposed the levels of processing theories?
Craik and Lockhart-deeper processing=better encoding.
What is shallow processing (levels of processing theory)
Involves little attention to meaning-focuses more on physical features, happens somewhat automatically.
What is deep processing (levels of processing theory)
Requires conscious effort-pay attention to meaning.
What was Craik and Tulving’s experiment on deeper processing?
3 groups were given a list of words- each group answered a different question about each word on the list. (are the words uppercase or lowercase letters, does the word rhyme with _____, would the word make sense in this fill in the blank sentence?)
What were the results of Craik and Tulving’s task?
The best scores were on the fill in the blank task, as it had the deepest level of processing, the worst score was on the capital letters test.
What are some other ways you can enhance memory?
Visual imagery, Dual coding, self-reference, generation effect, retrieval practice, organizing information
What is visual imagery?
Forming mental pictures that connect things visually
What is the paired associates task (visual imagery)
Study pairs of unrelated words. Had one group repeat the words, and the others imagine the two words together. People did much better when they were imagining visually what the words were.
What is dual coding theory?
Proposed by Alan Paivo, says we can remember things visually and or verbally, but encoding things BOTH ways is way better than 1. However, it’s way easier to visualize concrete objects
What is self-reference?
Relating things to yourself improves memory for that information. People remember things a lot better if they relate the meaning to themselves. (paired associates can test this)
What is the generation effect?
Generating material yourself rather than passively receiving it improves memory.
What is the paired associates task with regards to the generation effect?
A list of related words was given. Group A was just given the list then asked to remember it, Group B had to come up with the second word on their own through fill in the blank. Group B remembered 28% more!
What is retrieval practice?
After studying, taking a practice test is more effective for learning than rereading material.
What was Roediger and Karpicke’s retrieval test?
People read a passage, then completed math problems. Then, half the people were given a recall (practice) test, while the other half re-read the passage. Some time later, everyone was given the “Real test”.
What were the results of Roediger and Karpicke’s test?
As delay increases, practice test group performs significantly better.
If there was a short delay, the rereading group was slightly better.
What is organization of information?
Relates to chunking; allows more information through the bottleneck of STM.
What is hierarchical encoding?
Somewhat related to chunking-people tend to spontaneously organize things, and items from these categories can act as retrieval cues.
What are retrieval cues?
Any stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory.
What was Timo Mantyla’s test?
Asked students to do 504 word associations; “Write down three words you think of when I say ____”
Then, they had a surprise test! Asked what was the original word? For half of the words, the 3 words generated by that person were given, and for the other half, words someone else generated were given.
What were the results of Timo Mantyla’s test?
Person was better at remembering when given their own generated list of words.
What are the 4 aspects of good retrieval cues?
1) Self-generated cues 2) Humorous/distinctive cues 3) Multiple cues 4) Well-rehearsed cues
What is the encoding specificity principle?
Memory is best when conditions of retrieval are the same (or similar to) conditions during encoding.
What is context-dependent memory?
It is easier to remember in the same (or similar) environment to which something was learned- focus is on EXTERNAL cues.
What was Baddeley’s Scuba diver study? (Context-dependent memoy)
Divers learned a list of words on land OR underwater-then tested on land/water in a 2 by 2 design (people who learned list of words on land were tested in lan AND underwater, and vice versa)
What were the results of Baddeley’s Scuba Diver study?
People given list of words on land scored better on land, and vice versa for people underwater.
What is state-dependent memory?
It’s easier to remember if we are in the same or similar state to when it was learned (internal conditions, mental/physical state).
What is mood-congruent recall?
Tendency to recall things from the past that match our current mood-can cause downward or upward spiral, big implications for cognitive behavioural therapy.
