Reliability of Memory

Question 1

Define • Recall

Answer 1

reproducing information by drawing it into your conscious awareness

Question 2

What are the 3 types of recall

Answer 2

o Free recall
o Serial recall
o Cued recall

Question 3

Define • o Free recall

Answer 3

reproducing as much information as possible, without order & no cues

Question 4

Define o Serial recall

Answer 4

reproducing information in order

Question 5

Define o Cued recall

Answer 5

using cues to retrieve information

Question 6

Define • Recognition

Answer 6

identifying originally learned information when we see it

Question 7

Define • Relearning

Answer 7

learning information again, that is partly already stored in long term memory, requiring less effort and time

Question 8

What is the formula of savings

Answer 8

(2^ND time-1^ST time)/(2^ND time) ×100

Question 9

Define Memory reconstruction

Answer 9

tendency to combine stored information with other things (knowledge, personal experiences, values, cues, expectations and assumptions) to create a memory that makes sense

Question 10

What is the experiment for memory reconstruction

Answer 10

(Elizabeth) Loftus

Question 11

What did (Elizabeth) Loftus’s study involve

Answer 11

• Created many studies investigating the presence of leading questions affecting memory through reconstructive memory

Question 12

Define • Forgetting

Answer 12

inability to access or recover something previously stored in memory

Question 13

Define • Availability (memories)

Answer 13

if information is stored in memory

Question 14

Define Accessible (memories)

Answer 14

if information can be recovered from memory & brought into conscious awareness (at a specific time/place)

Question 15

Define • Retrieval cue (memories)

Answer 15

stimulus that helps locate & recover information stored in memory

Question 16

Define • Context dependent cues

Answer 16

environmental cues in specific situation (context), where a memory was formed, acting as a retrieval cue to help access memories formed in that context

Question 17

Define • State dependent cues

Answer 17

internal (psychological/physiological) cues related to a specific experience, that may trigger the retrieval of associated memories

Question 18

Define • Rehearsal

Answer 18

process of consciously manipulating information to keep it in the short-term memory, to transfer to long-term memory/to aid in storage & retrieval

Question 19

Define Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 19

repeating information being remembered over & over again to retain it

Question 20

Define Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 20

(better) linking new information to old in meaningful way, making it much easier to retrieve

Question 21

Define Self-reference effect

Answer 21

relating new information to personal experiences

Question 22

Define Serial position effect

Answer 22

finding that free recall is better for items at the beginning & end of the list rather than for items in the middle of the list

Question 23

Define • Primary effect

Answer 23

superior recall of items at the beginning of a list

Question 24

Define Recency effect

Answer 24

superior recall of items at the end of a list

Question 25

Define • Brain trauma

Answer 25

brain injury that impairs the normal functioning of the brain

Question 26

Define • Neurodegenerative disease

Answer 26

progressive decline in the structure, activity & function of the brain tissues (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease)

Question 27

Define • Amnesia

Answer 27

memory loss, inconsistent with ordinary forgetting

Question 28

Define o Anterograde amnesia

Answer 28

(after) – loss of the ability to store new long-term memories after the trauma

Question 29

What would injury to the • Hippocampus result in?

Answer 29

inability to form episodic memories

Question 30

What would injury to the • Amygdala result in?

Answer 30

inability to store emotional aspects of memories

Question 31

What would injury to the • Cerebral cortex result in?

Answer 31

loss of some long-term memories

Question 32

What would injury to the • Cerebellum result in?

Answer 32

loss of classically conditioned memories

Question 33

Define • Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 33

widespread & degenerative affecting the rains neurons causing gradual loss of memories and function as a whole

Question 34

What occurs in the brain with Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 34

• Neurofibrillary tangles & amyloid plaques occur
o Makes neurotransmission less efficient & effective
• Reduced level of ACH is found