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Step 1 QBANK Qs > UWORLD RENAL/GI Path > Flashcards

UWORLD RENAL/GI Path Flashcards

1
Q

ALDO vs ADH where do they work?

A

CORTICAL vs MEDULLARY collecting duct

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2
Q

Damage to the left 12th rib will injury what organ?

A

left Kidney

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3
Q

Part of kidney impermeable to water?

A

TAL

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4
Q

Urine PH, HCO3, and H2PO4 in DKA vs Normal?

A

low (excrete H ions), low (conserve bicarb), high (excrete titrable acids)

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5
Q

Where in the kidney is most of the H2O resorbed?

A

PCT

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6
Q

Pt given dose of this hormone that decreases fractional excretion of urea.

A

ADH - increases H2O and Urea absorption in Medullary Collecting Duct

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7
Q

Fuction of ALDO in cortical collecting duct?

A

Water and Salt IN

K and H out

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8
Q

Where in the kidney has the highest osmolarity? Lowest osmolarity?

A

Loop of henle (most concentrated)

DCT (least concentrated)

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9
Q

Artery that supplies upper ureter?

A

Renal artery

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10
Q

Vessels Lateral to ureters?

A

internal iliac

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11
Q

Hernia below inguinal ligament, and lateral to pubic tubercle?

Medial to this structure?

A

Femoral hernia. Medial to femooral vessels

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12
Q

Hernia in male infants? Older men? Female?

A

Indirect ingiunal, direct ingiunal, femoral

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13
Q

Woman with a hernia. Protrudes through?

A

Femoral hernia. Femoral ring

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14
Q

Hernia in old man. Caused by weakness of?

A

Direct inguinal. Due to weakness of transversalis fascia

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15
Q

Hernia in male infant. Due to?

A

failure of internal inguinal ring to close and persistent processus vaginalis

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16
Q

Persistant processes vaginalis causeswhat 2 pathologies?

A

Hydrocele and indirect inguinal hernia

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17
Q

to what lymph nodes?
Prostate
Bladder

A

internal iliac nodes

internal(superior part) AND external iliac (inferior part) nodes

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18
Q

Lactose intolerant pt given lactose. Changes to stool pH, Breath hydrogen, stool osmotic gap?

A

decreases (bacteria ferment lactose, increasing hydrogen),
increases (bacteria ferments lactose, increasing hydrogen),
increases (more stuff in stool, higher gap)

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19
Q

AIDS pt with small, vesicular ulceration in ESO. Microscopic findings?

A

HSV. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions (Cowdry type A)

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20
Q

AIDS pt wit linear ulcerations. Microscopic findings?

A

CMV. Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions.

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21
Q

Pt with gets severe hypotension in abdominal aorta during surgery. Parts of colon affected most?

A

Watershed areas: splenic flexure and distal sigmoid colon.

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22
Q

Diffuse ESO spasms present like?

A

unstable angina

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23
Q

Pt who has painless hematuria might have had exposure to?

A

Bladder cancer (transitional cell cancer) Rubber, textiles, leather.

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24
Q

Clip renal artery. Cell that hypertrophy are of what type? Located?

A

JG cells (SMCs) hypertrophy to secrete renin. Located on AA.

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25
Q

Why Ca-Oxylate urinary stones in Crohn’s?

A

Normally, in bowl Ca binds oxylate and is excreted. In Crohn’s Ca binds unabsorbed lipids, oxylate is free to re-enter body and bind Ca, forming stones

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26
Q

H. Pylori. Where are the ulcers?

A

duodenum

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27
Q

Histo of ESO shows basal cell hypertrophy and intraepithelial eosinophils.

A

Reflex esophagitis

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28
Q

Pt with diarrhea with mucus. Mass in sigmoid colon and HypoK.

Can progress to?

A

Villous adenomas. Progresses to adenoCA.

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29
Q

Pt on NSAID. Type of renal injury?

A

Papillary necrosis or chronic interstitial nephritis.

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30
Q

Colon adencoCA mostly found where?

A

Rectosigmoid Colon

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31
Q

AIDs patient. Colonoscopy shows multiple ulcers and mucosal erosions. Bisopsy shows?

A

CMV. (inclusion bodies)

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32
Q

Pt with diarrhea. Colon biposy shows basophilic clusters on surface of interstinal mucosal cells.

A

Cryptosporidium

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33
Q

Colonoscopy shows discrete, flash-shaped ulcerative lesions with trophozoites?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

34
Q

Colon biopsy shows crypt abcesses?

A

UC

35
Q

IgA nephropathy vs Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

A

HS is IgA neuropathy + extrarenal symptoms (skin lesions, abdominal pain)

36
Q

Uric acid crystal precipitate where?

A

Collecting duct because of increased acidity

37
Q

Cresentic glomeruli with no immunoglobulin of complement deposits?

A

ANCA (wegners, microscopic polyangiitis)

38
Q

Sign of right sided colon cancer?

A

Fatigue, weight loss, anemia (bleeding present but not grossly seen)

39
Q

Pt with signet ring CA of stomach. Gross Appearance?

A

Linitis plastica (thick and leathery)

40
Q

Pt with ballooning and vacuolar degeneration of proximal tubles. Anion gap metabolic acidosis. Presence of Ca-Oxylate crystals?

A

Ethylene glycol ingestion.

41
Q

With with heart burn, fingertip ulceration and multiple telangiectasias. Mechanism of heart burn?

A

CREST. Fibrous replacement of muscularis

42
Q

Deposits in Post-strep GN?

A

C3

43
Q

Biliary tract infection - sequalae?

A

Brown stones

44
Q

5 month old with failure to thrive. Bulky and greasy stool. Histo shows?

A

Abetalipoproteinemia. Histo will show abnormal accumulation of fat in enterocytes.

45
Q

Ischemic ATN - what part of kidney affected?

A

PCT

46
Q

Parenteral nutrition increases chance for?

A

Biliary stones from loos of enteral stimulation (stasis)

47
Q

Hypertension - affect on kidney?

A

Arterial intimal fibroplasia and hyalinization

48
Q

Teen who dies of overwhelming repiratory infection. Suffered multiple pulmonary infections. Diagnosed with steatorrhea. Abnormality of the pancreas?

A

Cystic fibrosis. Mucus plugs

49
Q

Pt given ampicilin gets fever, maculopapular skin rash, and oliguria. Where in kidney affected?

A

Acute interstitial nephritis from drugs. (affects interstitium)

50
Q

Recurrent nephrolithaisis in a young pt. What inborn error of metabolism?

A

Cystinuria. Defect in transporter of Cystine/Arginine/ornithine/lysine. Leads to Cysturia (Aminoaciduria) and cystine stones.

51
Q

Overactivation of these enzymes makes one more susceptible to pro-carcinogens?

A

Microsomal monoxygenase (P450s) - convert pro-carcinogens to carcinogens

52
Q

Likely outcome of HepB? hepC?

A

Complete resolution vs stable chronic hepatitis

53
Q

Stones that precipitate in acid?

Base?

A

Acid - Uric acid, cystine, Ca-Oxylate

Base - struvite and ca-phosphate

54
Q

BPH - changes to renal tissue?

A

hydronephrosis causes atrophy and scarring of renal tissue

55
Q

External hemorrhoids - location?

A

Posterior to midline, distal to dentate line

56
Q

Pt with elongation of lamina propria papillae, eosinophils and neutrophils on ESO biopsy

A

GERD

57
Q

Acidophilic bodies in hepatocytes in hepatitis suggest?

A

Councilman bodies - apoptosis

58
Q

crohn’s vs UC. helper T cells?

A

Th1 vs Th2

59
Q

Systemic mastocytosis (lots of mast cells) - effect on gastric secretions?

A

Mast cells - more histamine - more secretions

60
Q

Cresentic GN - crescents consist of?

A

monocytes, macrophages and fibrin

61
Q

Diarrhea with leukocytes but mostly neurophils?

A

Salmonella

62
Q

Diarrhea with leukocytes and eosinophils?

A

Parasites by NOT giardia or entameba

63
Q

Site of lipid digestion vs absorption?

A

Ileum vs Jejunum

64
Q

Ulcer in distal duodenum?

A

Zollinger-Elision syndrome. Grastrin secreting tumor

65
Q

OTC drug that can decrease chance for Colon cancer?

A

Aspirin. COX-2 linked with colon cancer

66
Q

Pt with mast cells in small bowl mucosa. Findings?

A

Mast cells = histamine = gastric hypersecretion

67
Q

Newborn with imperforate anus. Other findings?

A

Vesiculocolic fistula (urinary tract infections)

68
Q

Pancreatic pseudocyst - cause? consists of?

A

Actue pancreatistis. Granulation tissue and cirrhosis

69
Q

Lesser omentum?

A

Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligament

70
Q

Location where ulcer is least likely to be malignant?

A

Duodenum

71
Q

Secretory diarrhea caused by what type of growth?

A

Tubular or villous polyp

72
Q

Absorbed in Ileum?

A

Bile/B12

73
Q

Live Polio vaccine. How is it given? Benefit?

A

Applied to mucosal surface. More anti-IgA formation than injected virus

74
Q

Pt with absense of segment of small bowel, with distal ileum winding around vascular stalk. Cause?

A

Vascular occlusion “apple peel”

75
Q

Infections that Increase Brown stone formation? Through what enzyme?

A

E coli, Ascaris lumbricodies, Opisthorchis sinesis

76
Q

Danger of hydatid cyst?

A

Echinococcus granulosus. Can cause anaphylaxis

77
Q

microvesicular fatty change? Problem?

A

Mito dysfuntion so cannot break down fatty acids

78
Q

Ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes seen in?

A

Viral hepatitis

79
Q

Portal vein vs hepatic vein?

A

Into the liver vs out of the liver

80
Q

IgG4 antibodies to Phospholipase A2 receptor?

A

Membranous nephropathy

Step 1 QBANK Qs (20 decks)

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