Phonology

Question 1

Phoneme

Answer 1

smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word

Question 2

Phonology

Answer 2

the study of abstract categories that organize the sound system of a language

Question 3

Spectrogram

Answer 3

graphic representation of the frequency distribution of the complex jumble of sound waves that give the hearing impression of speech sounds

Question 4

Phone

Answer 4

physical realization of a speech sound like the voiceless or voiced alveolar approximate

Question 5

Allophones of the Phoneme

Answer 5

phones which function as alternate realizations of the same phoneme

Question 6

Distribution

Answer 6

different positions in which a speech sound can occur or cannot occur in the words of a language

Question 7

Complementary Distribution

Answer 7

two sounds which are distributed in such a way that one can only occur where the other cannot occur

Question 8

Minimal Pairs

Answer 8

pair of words which differ in only one sound, but differ in meaning

Question 9

Free Variation

Answer 9

speakers can choose (not meant to imply conscious decision on part of speaker) which allophone they use

Question 10

Neutralization

Answer 10

in a particular context, a contrast between phonemes becomes invisible

Question 11

Final Devoicing

Answer 11

voiced phoneme has a voiceless allophone in word-final position

Question 12

Aspirated Stop

Answer 12

stop that is produced with an extra “breath of air”

Question 13

Flap

Answer 13

sound in which tongue very quickly taps the alveolar ridge once

Question 14

T/D flapping

Answer 14

contrast between the /t/ and /d/ phonemes neutralized in a particular phonetic context

Question 15

Zero Allophone

Answer 15

when an allophone is present in a word but does not have phonetic realization

Question 16

Non-Rhotic Varieties

Answer 16

varieties which have zero allophones of /ɹ / in a word-final position

Question 17

Rhotic Varieties

Answer 17

varieties in which non-zero allophones of /ɹ / appear in word-final contexts

Question 18

Narrow Transcription

Answer 18

a method of representing the sounds of spoken language in fine detail
Reference:
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800879.001.0001/acref-9780192800879-e-894

Question 19

Released Consonant

Answer 19

after the building-up phase in a plosive, the release of the air that has been built up follows

Question 20

Unreleased Consonant

Answer 20

after the building-up phase in a plosive, the air pressure is not released [p˺]

Question 21

Velarization

Answer 21

consonant sound where the primary articulation the back of the tongue and the velum (dark l)

Question 22

Constituents

Answer 22

elements that make up a syllable

Question 23

Syllabic Consonants

Answer 23

consonants which occupy the central part of the syllable

Question 24

Nucleus of the Syllable

Answer 24

slot for a vowel in the syllable

Question 25

Onset

Answer 25

prevocalic slot in a syllable

Question 26

Coda

Answer 26

postvocalic slot in a syllable