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Physiology > Cell To Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell To Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What are target cells

A

Cells that respond to electrical or chemical signals

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2
Q

Electrical signals

A

Changes in a cell’s membrane potential

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3
Q

Chemical signals

A

Molecules secreted by cells into EFC

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4
Q

4 basic methods of cell to cell communication

A
  1. gap junctions
  2. Contact dependent signals
  3. Chemical signals
  4. Combo of electrical and chemical
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5
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells

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6
Q

Contact dependent signals

A

Occur when surface molecules on one cell membrane bind to surface molecules in another cell membrane

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7
Q

Chemical signals

A

Diffuse through ECF to act on cells close by. Transported in blood

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8
Q

What kind of signals pass through gap junctions

A

Electrical and chemical

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9
Q

Example of contact dependent signaling

A
  1. Immune system

2. Growth and development

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10
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Local communication

Chemical that acts on cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell that secreted the signal

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11
Q

Autocrine signal

A

Local communication

Chemical that acts on the cell that secreted it

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12
Q

Examples of local signal molecules

A

Histamine–>paracrine, cytokines, Eicosanoids–>para and auto

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13
Q

What are hormones

A

Long distance
Chemical signals secreted into blood
Distributed by circulation
Communicated by endocrine system

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14
Q

Cytokine

A

1.Communication molecule used in local and long distance signaling

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15
Q

How do cytokines differ from hormones

A
  1. Not produced but specialized cells
  2. Ability to be secreted by any nucleated cell
  3. Made on demand
  4. Intracellular signal pathways different
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16
Q

Why do some cells respond to chemical signals and others do not

A

There must be a receptor for that chemical to respond

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17
Q

4 main categories id membrane receptors

A
  1. Chemically gated (ligand gated) –> receptor channel
  2. G-protein coupled receptor
  3. Receptor enzyme
    4 Interin receptor
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18
Q

Components of basic signal conduction

A

(1st msgr aka ligand is also the) signal molecule–binds to–>receptor protein –activates–>intracellular signal response (2nd messengers relay info, cause a cascade) –alters–>target proteins (and/or causes signal amplification)–create–>response

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19
Q

How does extracellular Ca++ enter the cell

A

Through voltage gated channels, ligand gated mechanically gated

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20
Q

Where and how is Ca++ stored

A

In ER and intracellular compartments

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21
Q

What effects can a calcium spark initiate

A

The altering of protein activity, exocytosis, movement

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22
Q

How can Ca++ bring about an intracellular response

A
  1. Electrical signal opens voltage gated Ca++ channels and causes intracellular stores to release Ca++ into ICF. This alters protein activity, leads to exocytosis, and movement.
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23
Q

What are some effects of nitric oxide signals

A

Relaxes blood vessels, allows brain to act as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator

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24
Q

Why do receptor is exhibit characteristics of specificity, competition, and saturation

A

Receptor are proteins therefore receptor ligand binding exhibit the general protein binding characteristics

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25
Q

Use norepinephrine and epinephrine as examples to describe specificity and competition for membrane receptor is

A

Both molecules bind to adrenergic receptors. The receptors bind to only these molecules. These molecules compete with each other for binding sites. Alpha isoform has a higher binding affinity for norepinephrine and the beta isoform has a higher affinity for epinephrine

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26
Q

What does agonist mean

A

It is a competing ligand that binds and elicits a response of the primary ligand. An example is birth control pills

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27
Q

What does antagonist mean

A

It is a competing ligand that binds and blocks receptor activity of primary ligand. An example is Zantac

28
Q

What is down regulation

A

A decrease I receptor numbers. Cells can physically remove receptor is from membrane through endocytosis. This can occur when there is an abnormally high concentration of a signal molecule for a sustained period of time. The target cells attempt to bring their response back to normal by down regulation

29
Q

What is up regulation

A

When the concentration of ligand decreases, target cells use up regulation to keep normal response by inserting more receptors into the membrane

30
Q

What is the difference between a cellular response and a systemic response

A

A cellular response takes place in the target cell while a systemic response describes what those specific cellular and tissue events mean to an organism as a whole

31
Q

Describe neural control system (5 key areas)

A

Specificity:
Each neuron terminates on a single target cell or on a limited number of adjacent target cells.
Duration:
Usually very short. Longer durations are mediated by neuromodulator
Signal:
Electrical in neuron and then chemical neurotransmitters from cell to cell
Coding for stimulus intensity:
Signal is a dentical in strength, intensity correlates with increased frequency of signaling
Speed:
Very rapid

32
Q

Endocrine control systems (5)

A

Specificity:
Most cells of the body are exposed to hormone. The response depends on which cells have receptors for the hormone
Duration:
Last longer than neural response
Nature of signal:
Chemical signals secreted into blood for distribution throughout body
Coding:
Stimulus intensity is correlated with amount of hormone secreted
Speed:
Distribution of signal and onset of action are much slower than in neural responses

33
Q 
Which is not a basic method of cell to cell communication
A. Cytoplasmic transfer of signals
B.  Contact dependent signals
C.  Difused chemical signals
D.  Nerve and blood transported signals
E. Mechanical signals
A

E. Mechanical signals

34
Q

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal

A

Those cells lack the necessary receptors

35
Q

What determines the cell’s response and allows are particularly ligand to bind

A

Receptor molecules on the surface of a cell

36
Q

Down regulation may allow a target cell to

A

Decrease its number of receptors for a ligand

37
Q

2nd messenger molecules directly

A

Change the regulation of ion channels
Increase intracellular calcium concentrations
Change enzyme activity
Change regulation of gene expression

38
Q

What does an integrating center do

A

Evaluates incoming signals and compares it with the set point

39
Q 
Which of the following are considered differences between endocrine and neural control systems
A.  Specificity 
B. Nature of the signal
C. Speed
D. Duration of action
A

All of them

40
Q

Set point

A

The desire target value for a parameter

41
Q

Integrating center

A

Receives information about the regulated variable and initiate a response

42
Q

The minimum stimulus to trigger a response

A

Threshold

43
Q

Effector

A

The organ or gland that performs the change

44
Q

Continuously monitors its environment for a specific variable

A

Sensory receptor

45
Q

All molecules secreted by nerve cells are known as

A

Neurocrine

46
Q

A molecule that binds to a receptor blocking the normal ligand from binding and resulting in the inactivity of a signal pathway

A

Antagonist

47
Q

What ion is widely important in intracellular signaling

A

Calcium

48
Q

When calcium becomes available inside a cell it comes from

A

Intracellular storage

49
Q

Both insulin and glucogon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The response of the target cells to each of these 2 hormones is opposite. The this information implies that

A

The to hormones bind to different receptors and use a different 2nd messenger

50
Q

Communication in the body requires what two type of signals

A

Chemical and electrical signals

51
Q

The 2 main categories of communication are

A

Local and long distance

52
Q

What are the 3 type of signal molecules

A

Hormones or neurotransmitters or neuro hormones

53
Q

What do signal molecules bind to

A

Target cells that have receptor proteins

54
Q

Signal molecules are also called

A

Ligand

55
Q

What does the interaction between the ligand and the receptor trigger

A

Intracellular events: Where cells get information and relay the information by way of signal transduction pathway

56
Q

What’s another name for intracellular signal molecules

A

2nd messengers

57
Q

What are target protein responses

A

Activation of existing protein or synthesis of new proteins

58
Q

Where are receptors located

A

On the cell surface or inside the cell cytoplasm or nucleus

59
Q

When does intracellular relay occur

A

It occurs after ligand binds with receptors and before cells response.

60
Q

The chain of molecules that relay signals inside a cell are also known as

A

Intracellular transduction pathways or signal transduction

61
Q

A cell response results from

A

Protein alteration

62
Q

What are possible cell responses

A
  1. Motor proteins
  2. Enzyme activity
  3. Membrane receptor and transporters
  4. Gene activity and protein synthesis
63
Q

Do Agonist and antagonist have opposite actions on the target cell

A

Yes

64
Q

Does and Antagonist create a cellular response

A

No

65
Q

True or false

Target response depends on the target receptor. Same message gives 2 different responses

A

True

66
Q

What are some rules that apply to signaling

A
  1. Different cells respond differently to the same signal molecule
  2. Target cell response is determined by the receptor and the signal transduction system
  3. There can be more than one ligand for a receptor
  4. There can be more than one receptor type for 1 ligand (isoform)
67
Q

Which type of cell communication communicate to with neighbor cell

A

Autocrine signals and paracrine signals

Physiology (9 decks)

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