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Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Compare plasma with interstitial fluid

A

Plasma is made up of 92% , 7% proteins, 1% organic molecules, trace elements, vitamins, and dissolved O2 and CO2. It is identical to ISF ,except for plasma proteins are not in ISF.

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2
Q

What are main groups of plasma proteins

A

Globulins, transferring, and fibrinogen make up 90% and Albumin makes up 60%

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3
Q

What are globulins

A

Also known as immuno globulins or antibodies. They include clotting factors and enzymes, anti bodies and carriers for various substances

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4
Q

What is albumin

A

Major contributors to plasma colloidal osmotic pressure, carrier for various substances

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5
Q

What is transferrin

A

Iron transport

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6
Q

What is fibrinogen

A

Forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

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7
Q

Where are most plasma proteins

A

Liver

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8
Q

What are the formal names for red blood cells and white blood cells

A

Erythrocyte and leukocyte

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9
Q

What are the 5 mature white blood cells found in blood

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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10
Q

Function of lymphocyte

A

Produce specific immune responses directed against invaders

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11
Q

Function of monocytes

A

Phagocytes after migrating into tissues develop into macrophages

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12
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Mobile phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and pathogens

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13
Q

Function of eosinophil

A

Produce toxic compounds directed against invading pathogens

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14
Q

Function of basophils

A

Release chemicals that contribute to inflammation and innate immune responses; intercept pathogens

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15
Q

Describe the differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells into red blood cells

A

In bone marrow; pluripotent stem cells–> uncommitted stem cell–> committed progenitor cell–>erythroblast–>reticulocyte–>erythrocyte in circulation

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16
Q

What are the 3 cytokines involved in hematopoiesis

A
  1. Colony stimulating factor
  2. Thrombopoietin
  3. Erythropoietin
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17
Q

What is colony stimulating factors

A

They stimulate growth of leukocyte colonies, regulate white blood cell production and development of leukopoiesis, induce cell division and cell maturation in stem cells

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18
Q

What does Thrombopoietin do

A

Regulates growth and maturation of Megakaryocytes, the parent cells of platelets

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19
Q

What does EPO do

A

Hypoxia stimulates production of H1F-1 which turns on EPO gene to increase EPO synthesis and produce more red blood cells

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20
Q

What is the stimulus for EPO synthesis and release

A

Hypoxia, Low 02 levels in tissues

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21
Q

Describe the homeostatic mechanicism for erythropoiesis

A

Low O2 in tissues–> stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor production–> Turns on EPO gene in kidney–> Kidneys increase EPO synthesis by–> EPO acts like a ligand to peripheral receptor on red bone marrow–> generating intracellular transduction signal–> activating the transcription of genetic information–> increasing erythropoiesis–>Committed progenitor cell turns into erythroblast in bone marrow –> reticulocyte–> leaves bone marrow–> matures into erythrocyte in about 24 hours

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22
Q

Why does and erythrocyte need to be flexible

A

And allows them to change shape as they squeeze through the narrow capillaries of the circulation

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23
Q

What hold the red blood cell in its unique shape

A

Complex cytoskeleton composed of filaments linked to transmembrane attachment proteins

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24
Q

How does the shape of the red blood cell relate to their surface area to ratio? Why does this matter for the function of red blood cells?

A

This increases surface area to volume ratio. This helps carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse across red blood cells plasma membrane more easily

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25
Q

What is the main function of RBC’s

A

Gas exchange, Transporting oxygen to tissues from the lungs, And carbon dioxide from tissue 2 lungs

26
Q

Define anemia

A

A decreased carrying capacity of oxygen

27
Q

List 4 major causes of anemia

A
  1. Blood loss: Cells normal size and hemoglobin content low
  2. Hemolytic anemia: Cells rupture at abnormally high rate
  3. Defective red blood cells or hemoglobin synthesis in bone marrow
  4. Inadequate production of EPO
28
Q

What are some examples of defective red blood cell or hemoglobin synthesis

A

Drugs, Inadequate diet, Vitamin deficiency

29
Q

Define hemostasis

A

The process of keeping blood and within a damaged blood vessel

30
Q

List and describe the 3 major steps in hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular phase: Vasoconstriction of damage vessels
  2. Platelet plug formation: Temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug
  3. Coagulation cascade: formation of clot that seals hole until tissue are repaired
31
Q

Plasma is mostly

A

Water

32
Q

The most prevalent proteins in blood

A

Albumins

33
Q

The cell that is the progenitor of all the types of blood cells is called

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

34
Q

____________ Are a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth and development of white blood cells and______________ are diseases where patients have too few white blood cells

A

Leukemias, neutropenias

35
Q

___________ Regulates to growth and maturation of megakaryocytes

A

Thrombopoietin

36
Q

The primary organ where EPO is produced

A

Kidney

37
Q

Stimulates the release of EPO

A

Hypoxia and low oxygen levels in the tissue

38
Q

The function of red blood cells is to

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells

39
Q

The majority of the protein inside a red blood cell is

A

Hemoglobin

40
Q

Red blood cell production increases when

A

Oxygen levels in the tissue decrease

41
Q

Each red blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disk, This allows it to

A

This allows it to change its shape to squeeze through narrow openings, shrink or swell slightly in response to osmotic conditions, and also increase the surface area for gas exchange

42
Q

Platlets function in

A

Transporting chemicals important for clotting
Forming temporary patches and injured areas
Contraction after clot formation
Initiating the clotting process

43
Q

In hemostasis, vasoconstriction is rapidly followed by mechanical blockage of the hole by

A

Platelet plug

44
Q

A unique aspect of hematopoiesis is that

A

White Blood cell development varies with the specific needs of the body

45
Q

Someone with liver disease will have what type of problems

A
  1. Decreased Clotting ability
  2. Decreased blood osmotic pressure
  3. Increased levels of Bilirubin in the blood
  4. Accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces of the extremities
46
Q

How long to red blood cells live

A

3 to 4 months

47
Q

What are the formed elements of the blood

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

48
Q

What makes plasma and urine yellow

A

Bilirubin

49
Q

What things can cause hypoxia

A

Sickle cell anemia, Respiratory problem, Smoking, High altitude, Masks for working out

50
Q

Spherecytosis

A

A defect of red blood cells

51
Q

What 2 reasons can cause anemia

A

Low red blood cells or low hemoglobin

52
Q

What are reasons for low red blood cells (low hct)

A

Hemorrhage, high menstrual flow, hemolytic anemia, amputation, body disorders

53
Q

What are reasons for low hemoglobin

A

Low iron due to:
Lack of meat intake
Low iron transport: vitamin b12 deficiency, low intrinsic factor

54
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Low iron transport due to lack of b12 ir intrinsic factor

55
Q

Platelets are filled with

A

Vesicles containing clotting factors

56
Q

What is the vascular phase

A

Immediate vasoconstriction to slow the flow of blood triggered by a break in the endothelial cell layer which releases paracrine to contact the vascular smooth muscle

57
Q

What is the platelet plug formation phase

A

Platelets become activated, release vesicle contents and become spiky and sticky. They aggregate and plug the opening in the vascular wall

58
Q

What is the coagulation cascade

A

A series of activation events that leads to the formation of a fibrin clot

59
Q

What is plasmin

A

As a damaged vessel is repaired, plasmin trapped in the platelet plug dissolves fibrin and breaks down the clot

60
Q

Where are cytokines for hematopoiesis made

A

EPO in Kidneys
TPO in liver
CSF in bone marrow and leukocytes

Physiology (9 decks)

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