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Biological Sciences 121 > Chapter 7: Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Division

A

A process by which a parent cell duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two similar cells

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2
Q

What are the two basic strategies for organisms to reproduce themselves?

A

Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Is a rapid and effective mean of making new individuals. The offsprings are clones of the parent organism and are genetically identical to each other and the parent

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4
Q

Binary Fission

A

It is a method, in which a cell simply copies its DNA and then splits in two, giving a copy of its DNA to each “daughter cell,” is used by bacteria and archaebacteria.

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5
Q

Mitosis

A

one nucleus produces two daughter nuclei, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus and the products are identical to each other

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6
Q

Why is mitosis necessary?

A

It is necessary because it replaces dead cells, damaged cells, or cells that have short life spans.

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7
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

two haploid gametes—usually one from each parent—unite in fertilization to form a genetically unique diploid zygote that has a considerable genetic variation

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8
Q

Gamete

A

A mature sexual reproductive cell: an egg or a sperm

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9
Q

Meiosis

A

A process of cell division resulting in daughter cells with only half the genetic material of the original cell. It goes through a two-step division process

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10
Q

Daughter Cell

A

are produced after a single cell undergoes cell division

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11
Q

Somatic cells

A

Are cells that are not specialized for reproduction. They contain two sets of chromosomes

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12
Q

Zygote

A

Formed when two haploid gametes fuse

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13
Q

Reproductive Signals

A

Are signals that initiate cell division and may originate from inside or outside the cell

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14
Q

DNA Segregation

A

It is a process where a cell must distribute the replicated DNA tp each of the two new cells

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15
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Is the process where the cytoplasm must divide to form the two new cells, each surrounded by a cell membrane and a cell wall in organisms that have one

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16
Q

What are the steps of cell division for Prokaryotes by binary fission?

A

Reproductive Signals
DNA Replication
DNA Segregation
Cytokinesis

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17
Q

DNA Replication in Prokaryotic Cells?

A

Almost all prokaryotic genetic information is carried on one single chromosome

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18
Q

Single-celled Eukaryotes can also reproduce by binary fission, but what is a better method to reproduce itself?

A

A better way for single-celled eukaryotes to reproduce is by mitosis because they have multiple chromosomes that require a more elaborate way to properly separate between daughter cells

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19
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what are the two main phases of cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase and mitotic phase (M)
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20
Q

What happens during the interphase of a cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and makes a copy of its own DNA and it has three phases.

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21
Q

What happens during the mitotic phase (M)

A

The cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells

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22
Q

What are the three phases of the interphase of a cell cycle?

A
  1. G1 phase (G = gap 1)
  2. S phase (S = synthesis)
  3. G2 phase (G = gap 2)
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23
Q

What happens in the G1 phase of the interphase of a cell cycle?

A

During G1 phase, also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps

24
Q

What happens in the S phase of the interphase of a cell cycle?

A

In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase

25
Q

What happens in the G2 phase of the interphase of a cell cycle?

A

During the second gap phase or G2 phase, the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase ends when mitosis begins

26
Q

cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

A

It controls the cell cycle

27
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

Are several different CDKs functions at specific stages of the cell cycle (signaling pathways regulate the progress of the cell cycle)

28
Q

Where are the four checkpoints in cell division?

A

There are three in the interphase and one in the mitosis phase

29
Q

What are the three checkpoints in the interphase of cell division?

A
  1. The Restriction Point (R)checkpoint (G1/S transition)
  2. The S/G2 transition checkpoint
  3. The G2/M transition checkpoint
30
Q

What does the Restriction Point (R)checkpoint (G1/S transition) do?

A

It checks for many things including cell size, nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage

31
Q

What does the S/G2 transition checkpoint do?

A

It checks for DNA damage, incomplete replication.

32
Q

What does The G2/M transition checkpoint do?

A

It checks for DNA damage, replication, and completeness

33
Q

What is the checkpoint in the mitosis phase and what does it do?

A

The Spindle checkpoint checks for chromosome attachment to spindles at metaphase plate

34
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is an uncontrolled cell division

35
Q

Centrosome

A

“central body”, an organelle in the cytoplasm near the nucleus. It consists of a pair of centrioles and is also known as the Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)

36
Q

Centrioles

A

hollow tubes formed by 9 triplets of microtubules

37
Q

What are the five phases of the continuous mitosis process?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
38
Q

What happens in prophase of Mitosis?

A
  1. Chromosomes start to condense
  2. mitotic spindle begins to form
  3. The nucleolus (or nucleoli, plural) membrane disappears
39
Q

What happens in Prometaphase (late Prophase)

A
  1. The chromosomes finish condensing
  2. The nuclear envelope breaks down, releasing the chromosomes
  3. The mitotic spindles grows more, and some of the microtubules start to “capture” chromosomes.
40
Q

What happens in Metaphase of Mitosis?

A
  1. All the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate

2. the microtubules connect to chromosome

41
Q

What happens in Anaphase of Mitosis?

A
  1. The protein “glue” that holds the sister chromatids together is pulled apart. The chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
42
Q

What happens in telophase of Mitosis?

A
  1. The mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks
  2. Two new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes. Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear
  3. The chromosomes begin to decondense and return to their “stringy” form.
43
Q

What happens in cytokinesis of Mitosis?

A

the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells and is the final stage of mitosis

44
Q

Ploidy level

A

Is DNA content

45
Q

sister chromatids

A

Are the two halves of a duplicated chromosome

46
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

are chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location

47
Q

What happens in Prophase I of Meiosis?

A
  1. DNA is condensed
  2. homologous chromosomes pair together
  3. Crossing over occurs
  4. MTOC migrate to poles
  5. Nuclear membrane breaks down
48
Q

What is crossing over in meiosis?

A

It’s when homologous chromosomes swap their genes

49
Q

What happens in Metaphase I of Meiosis?

A

The homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate

50
Q

chiasmata

A

is a cross-shaped structures where homologues are linked together.

51
Q

What happens in Anaphase I of Meiosis?

A

the homologues are pulled apart and move apart to opposite ends of the cell.

52
Q

What happens in Telophase I of meiosis?

A

the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell

53
Q

Meiosis II

A

The cells that enter meiosis II are the ones made in meiosis I. These cells are haploid—have just one chromosome from each homologue pair—but their chromosomes still consist of two sister chromatids. In meiosis II, the sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non-duplicated chromosomes.

54
Q

Random orientation of homologue pairs

A

The random orientation of homologue pairs in metaphase I allow for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes

55
Q

What is the product of meiosis for a cell?

A

The product is 2N = 6

56
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of chromosomes to separate correctly in mitosis or meiosis

57
Q

Aneuploidy

A

When cells have the wrong number of chromosomes

Biological Sciences 121 (20 decks)

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