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Unit 2 > BIOMED 10/11b Soft Tissue and Bone Mechanics > Flashcards

BIOMED 10/11b Soft Tissue and Bone Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

external loads that the body

A
  1. Gravity
  2. Wind
  3. Friction
  4. ***Impact
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2
Q

how does tissue deformation result in loads arising within tissue

A
  • deformation to match external force
  • meniscus in th eknee
  • accommodates external load with internal forces
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3
Q

healthy tissue response to load

A
  • deforms as much as it needs to
  • goes back to original shape/position after unloading
  • load response is tissue dependent
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4
Q

what do we need to focus on when doing an examination for a patient?

A
  1. what was the mechanism of injury?
  2. what tissue structures might be involved?
  3. what are the appropriate treatments for the patient
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5
Q

how do we define the mechanism of injury?

A
  • was the injury a trauma or insidious onset?
  • what does the MOI tell you about the potential movements and forces that occurred to cause the injury?
  • what tissues were susceptible to damage through this MOI?
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6
Q

how do we determine the tissue’s response to load?

A
  1. tissue stress
  2. tissue strain
  3. stress strain diagram
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7
Q

what is tissue stress?

A
  • pressure = force/area
  • forces resisting the additional pressure added to a tissue
  • measure of load or energy that stored within a tissue
  • ex: rubber part of a balloon is stress as air is added into it
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8
Q

what is tissue strain?

A
  • how much does it stretch out?

- the delta of the stretch

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9
Q

stress strain diagram

A
  • y axis = stress
  • x axis = strain
  • helps estimate the behavior of the tissue
  • the linear slope is the stiffness of the tissue
  • young’s modulus determines how the tissue deforms in response to certain amounts of loads proportional to stiffness
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10
Q

nonlinear base region in the stress/strain diagram

A

-slack that is inherent to the tissue at rest

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11
Q

linear portion in the stress/strain diagram

A

stiffness of the tissue

-young’s modulus

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12
Q

at a high stiffness behavior, what is the young’s modulus?

A

high

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13
Q

at a low stiffness behavior, what is the young’s modulus?

A

low

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14
Q

Truly elastic material

A

returns back to its original state after load is released

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15
Q

Plastic Deformation

A

After yield point, tissue starts to change permanently

  • serial casting
  • muscle building
  • stretching
  • joint mobs
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16
Q

do tissues have a fluid like component to their behavior?

A

Yes, tissues have viscosity

-they have time dependent visco-elastic behaviors

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17
Q

at fast loading behaviors, what happens to the tissue?

A

it breaks fast

18
Q

at slow loading behaviors, what happens to the tissue?

A

it stretches out

19
Q

what determines how tissues respond to stress?

A

the organization of the tissue

20
Q

creep in regards to serial casting

A
  • over time, when something is subject to continuous load, it changes
  • serial cast puts someone in a cast when they have a contracture
  • tissue adapts to the stress from the cast
  • it is essentially a prolonged low-load stretch
21
Q

how does tissue deformation occur?

A

under continuous load

22
Q

how do you evaluate if a tissue is elastic?

A
  • stiffness

- young’s modulus

23
Q

ankle sprain motions

A

plantar flexion and inversion

very high loading rate

24
Q

in vivo

A

in human body

25
Q

in silico

A

sillicon/computer based modelling

26
Q

in vitro

A

outside of the body/pitri dish

27
Q

as moment increases, what happens to the ACL strain during pivot landing

A

strain inceases as the moment increases

28
Q

Important factors that impact MSK loads

A

Loading variables that determine how the tissues respond

  1. Loading Magnitude
  2. Loading Rate
  3. Loading typ
29
Q

Define the significance of the loading magnitude

A
  • High vs low load
  • Cumulative load: keep increasing the yield capacity; can reach yield much faster because you are cumulatively loading and getting stronger
30
Q

what eventually happens when you have cumulative loading over time?

A

you may reach the yield point much faster

31
Q

what is the significance of loading rates with MSK loads?

A
  • biological tissues are sensitive to load
  • when loading occurs at a rate that the object is not built to respond to, the object will break
  • slower rate = stretching/pulling/plastic deformation
  • faster rate = injury/tear/ligamentous “explosion”
32
Q

different loading types

A
  1. unloaded
  2. tension
  3. compression
  4. bending
  5. shear
  6. torsion
33
Q

tension loading

A

two forces pull on an object in different directions

-lateral ankle sprain => severely tensioned as the foot rotates inward

34
Q

compression loading

A

forces that push or pull the surfaces of objects together or brings the end of an object closer
-humerous is pulled against the glenoid by the deltoid muscle creating a compressive load between the bones

35
Q

Bending Loads

A

deformation tissue that occurs at right angles to its longitudinal axis

  • top is bending, bottom is stretching (concave side undergoes compression, convex side undergoes tension)
  • Coxa vera results in an increased bending load on the neck of the femur (predisposed to fractures)
36
Q

Shear loading

A

unaligned parallel forces that move on a part of the body in one direction and another part in the opposite direction
-delaminated articular cartilage away from acetabular roof (square peg in a round hole)

37
Q

Torsion Loading

A

twisting force applied to tissue around its longitudinal axis
-ACL tear is a torsion load

38
Q

describe process of delamination

A

think you were pulling up a carpet and pushing under it with your foot from the floor
-this pathology results in abnormal shearing at the joint and peels the articular cartilage off of the acetabulum

39
Q

factors that influence a tissue’s ability to accept loads

A
  • Age
  • Disease or trauma
  • Overuse or Underuse
40
Q

Impact of overuse on the tissue

A

tissue gets damaged, then it starts to change/repair overtime, but is not able to ever reach equilibrium, then the pt starts loading again, and loading exceeds the tissue’s ability to repair itself

41
Q

impact of underuse on the tissue

A

tissue atrophy

-Wolff’s law is unable to function => bone doesn’t get stronger because there is no stress to respond to

42
Q

soft tissue genetic disorder that influence collagen

A

you can have hyperelastic tissue and if you don’t have the rebound of tissue, you can be prone to injuries and it will affect tissues that affect breathing

Unit 2 (31 decks)

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