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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Shelf: Abdomen > Flashcards

Shelf: Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

a passage that extends through the inferior part of the abdominal wall

parallel to the inguinal ligament

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2
Q

Function of the inguinal canal

A

serves as a pathway where structures can pass from the abdominal wall to the external genitalia

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3
Q

Why is the inguinal canal of clinical importance?

A

a site of potential weakness in the abdominal wall, thus a common site for herniation

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4
Q

Gubernaculum

A

a fibrous cord oof tissue that attaches to the inferior portion of the gonad and guides them during descent

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5
Q

Patent Processus Vaginalis

A

can cause an indirect inguinal hernia, a hydrocele, or interfere with the descent of teh testes

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6
Q

Remnant of the gubernaculum in men

A

small scrotal ligament tethering the testes to the scrotum and limiting their movement

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7
Q

Describe indirect inguinal hernias

A

lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels; herniated contents pass through the deep inguinal ring to the superficial ring and toward the scrotum or labia majora

also known as congenital

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8
Q

Describe direct inguinal hernias

A

“weakness in the fence”

medial to the epigastric vessels through Hesselbach’s triangle

passes through the superficial inguinal ring but not the deeo ring

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9
Q

Describe a femoral hernia

A

through the femoral canal into the medial aspect of the thigh; most common in females due to pelvis anatomy

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10
Q

Where is the femoral canal

A

below the inguinal ligament and medial to the femoral vessels and sheath

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11
Q

What is a common site of bowel herniation/

A

femoral canal

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12
Q

Hernia

A

internal part of the body pushes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall

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13
Q

Strangulated Hernia

A

compression of the hernia with decreased blood supply due to the rigid borders of the femoral canal

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14
Q

What abdominal organs are derived from embryonic mesoderm?

A

spleen

kidney

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15
Q

Describe the development of the kidney

A

metanephros becomes the permanent kidney

divides into ureteric bud (collecting system: ureter, renal pelvis, renal calyx & collecting tubule) and the metanephric blastema (develops into nephrons)

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16
Q

Ulcer of the posterior wall of the stomach affects

A

contents of the lesser sac

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17
Q

Foramen of Winslow

A

passage of communication between the greater and lesser sac of the abdomen

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18
Q

Porta Hepatis Contents

A

L & R hepatic ducts
R and L branches of hepatic artery
Portal vein

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19
Q

Pringle Maneuver

A

hepatoduodenal ligament clamping to control bleeding during liver trauma

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20
Q

Pancreas: retro vs intrapeitoneal

A

pancreas is retroperitoneal except for the tail

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21
Q

Divisions of the stomach

A

carida
fundus
body
pylorus (divided into pyloric antrum, canal and sphincter; connects stomach to duodenum)

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22
Q

Describe the blood supply to the stomach

A

Lesser curvature: R and L gastric

Greater Curvature: L and R gastro-omental

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23
Q

L and R gastric veins drain into

A

hepatic portal vein

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24
Q

Parts of the duodenum

A

superior
descending
inferior
ascending

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25
Q

Characteristics of superior portion of duodenum

A

most likely affected by duodenal ulcers
connected to liver by hepatoduodenal ligament
ascends upward from pulorus of stomach

26
Q

Characteristics of descending portion of pancreas

A

curves around head of pancreas
posterior to transverse colon
marked by major duodenal papilla

27
Q

Major Duodenal Papilla

A

opening @ which the bile and pancreatic secretions enter the ampulla of vater

28
Q

Characteristics of inferior duodenum

A

crosses over the IVC and aorta; located inferior to pancreas and posterior to SMA

29
Q

Characteristics of Ascending Duodenum

A

duodenojejunal flexure: location of suspensory muscle of the duodenum

30
Q

Duodenal Ulcer

what is it
most common location
can affect

A 
what: erosion of mucosa in wall of duodenum 
first part (posterior wall) 
can affect the gastroduodenal artery causing hemorrhage
31
Q

Gallbladder blood supply

A

cystic artery, which is a branch of the right hepatic artery

32
Q

Where to find the cystic artery

A

in the triangle of calot

33
Q

Bile duct blood supply

A

cystic artery
R/L hepatic artery
anterior/posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

34
Q

Gall stone erosion

A

gallstones can erode through the gallbladder wall and into the duodenum. stones may become lodged at the ileocecal valve and causge gallstone ileus; bowel becomes distended

35
Q

Common places for biliary stones

A

gallbladder wall; b/w gallbladder & common bile duct; blocking common bile duct

36
Q

Which type of biliary stone causes jaundice?

A

stone blocking the common bile duct

37
Q

portal vein formed by

A

union of splenic vein and SMV

38
Q

List the sites of portosystemic anastamoses

A

esophageal: b/w left gastric & esophageal tributaries to azygous
rectal: superior and inferior rectal veins
retroperitoneal: mesenteric veins & retroperitoneal veisns
paraumbilical: b/w portal veins of liver & anterior abdominal wall

39
Q

Describe spleen positioning

A

in LUQ b/w stomach and diaphragm; tail of pancreas extends to the hilum of the spleen

40
Q

Exposure of the tail of pancreas and spleen requires:

A

entry into lesser sac via gastrocolic ligament
mobilization of transverse colon & splenic flexure
ligation of short gastrics & mobilization of greater curves

41
Q

What are among the most frequent trauma related injuries?

A

spleen injuries

42
Q

What re the ligaments of the spleen

A

gastrosplenic
splenonephric
splenocolic
splenophrenic

43
Q

Describe the collateral blood flow to the spleen

A

short gastric vessels in the gastrosplenic ligament

branches to the greater omentum and splenocolic ligaments

44
Q

What’s the artery of the midgut

A

superior mesenteric artery

45
Q

Describe organs surrounding SMA

A

SMA is anterior to renal vein, anterior to inferior portion of duodenum

46
Q

Dual blood supply to the pancreas

A

some from celiac trunk (gastroduodenal, anterior & posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal), some from SMA (anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal)

47
Q

Branches of the SMA

A 
inferior pancreaticoduodenal 
jejunal branches 
ileal branches 
ileocolic artery 
right colic 
middle colic
48
Q

Artery of the hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric

49
Q

What does the IMA supply?

A

distal transverse colon, left colon, sigmoid colon

rectum & proximal half of anal canal

50
Q

Marginal Artery of Drummond

A

forms a continuous arterial circle along the inner border of the colon

51
Q

Why is IMA occlusion rarely symptomatic?

A

Occlusion of the IMA is seldom symptomatic because its territory may be supplied by branches of the middle colic artery

52
Q

Kidneys and referred pain

A

kidneys have direct contact with the diaphragm, and abcesses or masses could irritate the diaphragm causing shoulder pain b/c innervation to the diaphragm is from fibers related to other fibers supplying the shoulder (phrenic nerve)

53
Q

Kehr Sign

A

since the phrenic nerve supplies sensory innervation to the diaphragm, pain arising from the diaphragm is referred to the tpi of the shoulder

54
Q

Hiccup Reflex

A

due to irritation fo the phrenic nerve

results from sudden spasms of the diaphragm

55
Q

L and R gonadal vein

A

L: drains into L renal vein
R: drains into IVC

56
Q

List the renal fascial layers

A 
(deep to superficial) 
renal capsule 
perirenal fat
 renal fascia
pararenal fat
57
Q

renal fascia

A

aka Gerota’s fascia

enclsoses the kidneys and suprarenal glands

58
Q

Describe kidney development

A

retinoic acid dependent reciprocal induction

metanephric blastema secretes growth factors to indue growth of the ureteric bud

ureteric bud responds by inducing the blastema to undergo mesenchymal to epithelial transition

59
Q

Disruption of reciprocal induction c

A

causes inhibition of ureteric bud growth and renal hypoplasia or agenesis

60
Q

Ureters in females

A

are close to ovaries as they cross the pelvic brim

run underneath the uterine artery “water under the bridge”

61
Q

Kidney Stone lodging sites

A

uretopelvic junction
pelvic brim
where the ureter enters the bladder

62
Q

Nervous supply to the ureter

A

renal, testicular/ovarian hypogastric plexuses

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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