8.2.9 - Producing Drugs Using GMOs

Question 1

What Are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)?

Answer 1

Organisms, that have had their DNA altered.

Question 2

What Are Examples Of Things, Which Can Be Genetically Modified?
(3 Points)

Answer 2

~ Micro-organisms.

~ Plants.

~ Animals.

Question 3

Describe The Process Of Genetically Modifying Micro-Organisms
(5 Points)

Answer 3

~ Gene from the protein, is isolated using restriction enzymes.

~ Gene is then copied using PCR.

~ Copies are inserted into plasmids (vectors), catalysed by DNA ligase, which are transferred to the micro-organisms.

~ GMOs are then grown in large fermenters, containing nutrients, enabling them to multiply and produce large quantities.

~ Protein is then isolated and purified, before being used as a drug.

Question 4

Describe The Process Of Genetically Modifying Plants
(4 Points)

Answer 4

~ Gene from the protein, is inserted in a bacterium.

~ Bacterium (vector), infects the plant cell, inserting gene into plant DNA.

~ Plant cell is grown into an adult plant, with each cell containing a copy of the gene.

~ Protein produced, is purified from the plant tissues, or plant can be eaten to deliver the drug.

Question 5

Describe The Process Of Genetically Modifying Animals
(4 Points)

Answer 5

~ Gene from the protein, is injected into the nucleus, of a zygote.

~ Zygote, is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate animal, where it develops into an adult animal.

~ Every cell of this GMO, contains a copy of the gene.

~ Protein produced, can be purified. E.g. from the milk of the animal.

Question 6

What Are The Benefits Of Using GMOs?
(2 Points)

Answer 6

~ Diseases can be treated.

~ Cheap.

Question 7

What Are The Risks Of Using GMOs?
(3 Points)

Answer 7

~ Concerns on long-term impacts on human health.

~ Bad for biodiversity.

~ Could lead to resistant bacteria.