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Psychology > Opiates > Flashcards

Opiates Flashcards

1
Q

Opiates

A

narcotic analgesics

non-narcotic analgesics

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2
Q

Narcotic analgesics

A

produce analgesia and sleep

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3
Q

analgesic

A

pain relief

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4
Q

Non-narcotic analgesics

A

aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen

-they produce analgesia but not sleep

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5
Q

Origin of opiate drugs: opium poppy

A

opium extracted from seedpods

morphine>codeine>opium

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6
Q

morphine and codeine are derived from

A

opium

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7
Q

heroin is derived from

A

morphine

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8
Q

Fentynal

A
  • synthetic (made in lab)
  • 50-100xs more potent than morphine
  • higher affinity to the mu receptor
  • higher fat solubility
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9
Q

Opiates route of administration

A

oral, injection, intranasal, and smoking

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10
Q

oral

A

very effective for analgesics: slowly absorbed; therefore it is easy to maintain constant levels in blood

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11
Q

injection

A

intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous

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12
Q

intranasal

A

heroin: snuff

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13
Q

Distribution

A

heroin is not active in the brain, it must be metabolized

-easily passes placental barrier

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14
Q

Excretion

A

metabolized by liver

  • metabolites excreted from kidneys
  • 1/2 life is about 2 hours
  • 90% eliminated within 24 hours of use
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15
Q

Reinforcing Effects of Opiates

A

Users report:

  • initial experience is frequently unpleasant (nausea & vomiting)
  • rush of pleasure
  • increased sensitivity in hearing & visions
  • daydreams
  • calm
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16
Q

Opiate receptors

A
  • Endorphins & enkaphalins are the endogenous opiates
  • Endogenous & exogenous opiates bing to mu, kappa, and delta
  • heroin predominately binds to the mu receptors
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17
Q

mu

A

mediates reinforcement

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18
Q

kappa and delta

A

mediates pain

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19
Q

opiate receptors: Reinforcement

A

mu receptors around VTA (ventral tregmental area) are responsible for reinforcing effects of opiates an opiate drug
–rats will self-administer morphine directly into VTA

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20
Q

IACUC

A

Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee

  • -ensures federal regulations for animal care and use are maintained on campus
  • -any experiments using animals must be approved by this committee
  • -any individuals working with animals must complete training
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21
Q

Self-Administer

A

almost all drugs self-admin by animals are also self-admin by people
–amphetamine, cocain, codeine, ethanol, heroin, methadone, methamphetamine, MPMA, ritalin, morphine, nicotine, benzodiazepines, THC

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22
Q

drugs that do not self-admin:

A

aspirin, lidocaine, mescaline, LSD

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23
Q

Opiates and the VTA-NA circuit

A

(DRAW PICTURE) morphine inhibits gaba neurons

24
Q

agonist

A

morphine, codeine, heroin, meperidine, fentanyl, methadone, oxycodone, hydrocodone

25
Q

Depressive effects of opiates

A

activation of opiate receptors depress:

  • -respiration & blood pressure
  • -coughing
  • -GI motility
  • -sex hormones in males & females
    • difficulty mainting erections
    • reduced fertility
26
Q

antagonist

A

naloxone (Narcan)
naltrexone
*administering an antagonist immediately precipitates opiate withdrawal

27
Q

opiate withdrawal

A
  • intense withdrawal that last ~1 week
  • begins 6-12 hours after cessation of drug use
  • restlessness agitation
  • extreme yawning
  • chills & goose bumps (“Cold Turkey”)
  • cramp, vomiting, diarrhea
  • twitching, shaking extremities
  • withdrawal can be reduced with alcohol
  • withdrawal is stopped by administering any opiate or agonist
  • opiate withdrawal itself is never fatal
28
Q

Withdrawal syndrome

A
  • sudden drug elimination
  • effects are opposite to initial drug effects
  • presence indicated physical dependence
  • relationship between drug tolerance & drug withdrawal effects
  • conditioned compensatory responses
29
Q

1.Withdrawal & tolerance

A

long term drug use ->

30
Q

->2. adaptive compensatory changes to counteract drug effects

A

-> 3. tolerance ->

31
Q
  1. drug withdrawal->
A
  1. unchecked adaptive changes opposite to drug effects = withdrawal symptoms
32
Q

Harmful effects

A
  • high doses decreases breathing to the point of death
  • may cause seizures at high doses
  • mixing of alcohol or barbiturates with opiates can cause further reductions in breathing
  • not knowing whats in product
33
Q

Chronic effects

A
  • few medical problems
  • constipation
  • link between opiates and cancer
  • most of the damage is due to the addictive lifestyle
    * expensive
    * nutrition suffers
    * HIV/hepatitis
34
Q

Needle Exchange Programs

A
  • syringe service programs paired with public health services
  • federal support for services, NOT syringes & needles themselves
35
Q

Potential risks of Needle Exchange Programs

A

promote drug use:

  • new users
  • more frequent use by current users
  • more needle sharing
36
Q

Maintenance Therapies

A

The British System
-an addict can obtain a prescription from a clinic & have it filled
Methadone (in the U.S.)
Suboxone (in the U.S.)

37
Q

Methadone

A
  • taken orally
  • prevents withdrawal for 24 hours
  • used in conjunction with therapy
38
Q

Suboxone

A
  • Buprenorphine & naloxone
    * partial mu agonist & my antagonist
  • Available in a “film” that when injected, induces withdrawal
  • available in an implant
39
Q

Antagonist Therapy

A
  • naloxone & naltrexone
  • withdrawal from heroin for 7-10 days OR
  • rapid detox with anesthia
  • then given daily doses of antagonist
    • blocks the rewarding effects of heroin
  • problems with compliance
40
Q

Effectiveness

A
  • Needle exchange program

- British system

41
Q

effectiveness: needle exchange program

A
  • decrease in HIV/hep rates (5%-33%)
  • decrease in injections per day
  • increased contact with health professionals
  • increased condom use
42
Q

effectiveness: british system

A
  • decrease in death rates
  • reduction in criminal behavior
  • decrease spread of HIV/hep
  • keeps addicts in contact with health professional
  • Canada, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands
    • Belgium
43
Q

Methadone results:

A
  • reduces death rate
  • reduces spread HIV
  • reduces criminal activity
  • relapse rate varies
44
Q

In the United States, abuse is more prevalent for

A

diverted prescription drugs

45
Q

Opiates are classified as Schedule ______ drugs.

A

a. I
b. IV
c. IVandV
d. V

46
Q

Opium comes from which plant?

A

Papaver somniferum

47
Q

Morphine is ______ times more potent than opium

A

10

48
Q

Opiates induce

A

analgesia

49
Q

Explain why the term narcotic can be confusing.

A

The use of the term narcotic is intended to refer to opiate drugs. However, narcotic is also used in some contexts to refer to all illegal drugs, including drugs with vastly differing effects from opiates, such as cocaine and marijuana. In practice, the use of the term can be somewhat imprecise.

50
Q

What is opiophobia? Why does it exist?

A

Opiophobia refers to the fear of using opiate medications to treat pain due to concerns about addiction. When opiates are used properly and as directed by a physician, the risk of addiction is relatively small.

51
Q

What are two benefits of needle exchange programs?

A

Needle exchange programs provide injection drug users with clean needles in exchange for dirty needles. These programs limit the transmission of various diseases such as HIV-AIDS and hepatitis C. In addition, needle exchange programs may provide a contact point for drug users to find treatment, since they ensure users regularly come into contact with health professionals. Both the needle exchange and contact with professionals will contribute to general public health.

52
Q

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with opioid withdrawal?

A

constipation

53
Q

Jill’s repeated heroin use will begin to produce __________ responses in order to counteract

A

conditioned compensatory

54
Q

Morphine inhibits _________, which prevents the ventral tegmental area (VTA) from

regulating the balanced release of dopamine (DA).

A

GABA

55
Q

Heroin predominantly binds to mu (m) receptor to cause ________ effects.

A

euphoric

56
Q

_________ is an opioid antagonist and can be administered to prevent an overdose.

A

Narcan

Psychology (12 decks)

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