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Psychology > Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hallucinogen?

A

all drugs that cause users to have hallucinations

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2
Q

Abrams (1996) defined psychedelics

A

any agent that causes alterations in perception, cognition, & mood as its primary action in the presence of an otherwise clear sensorium

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3
Q

Psychedelic drugs

A

many but not all, psychedelics structurally resemble one of the five NT:

  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • glutamate
  • opiate
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4
Q

serotonin

A

monoamine

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5
Q

catecholamines

A

norepinephrine

dopamine

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6
Q

Serotonin-Like: LSD

A

LSD - synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hofmam, a series of lysergic compounds, with no interesting findings

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7
Q

Albert Hofmam

A

synthesized LSD-25, later ingesting .25mg and recording the first human experience

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8
Q

Uses of LSD in 1953-1966

A

used as a adjunct to psychotherapy, initially starting LSD research

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9
Q

Timothy Leary (1920-1996)

A

in the early to mid 1960s he was a clinical psychologist at Harvard University conducting psilocybin and LSD experiments, he started using LSD recreationally and started to make a movement

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10
Q

“turn on, tune in, and drop out”

A

Timothy Leary

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11
Q

pharmokinetics of LSD

A

absorption rapid-oral route most common
1/2 life of 3 hours
metabolized in liver
only reaches 1% to brain

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12
Q

what is the 1/2 life of LSD

A

3 hours

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13
Q

what percentage of LSD reaches the brain?

A

1%

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14
Q

Tolerance of LSD

A

develops rapidly, recovery is rapid (so can be used weekly with same dose)

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15
Q

Cross tolerance

A

LSD with psilocybin mescaline

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16
Q

withdrawal for LSD?

A

none

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17
Q

mechanics of action of LSD

A

initally thought LSD worked by acting on serotonin (5-HT) receptors, 5-HT receptors ARE primary BUT NOT binding sites for LSD
-in some cases it works as agonist and some as antagonist

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18
Q

“synthetic LSD”

A

251: NBOME;N-bomb
- can cause death
- very different from regular LSD
- mixed w a lot of things
- completely different drug
* works only on one group of serotonin receptors

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19
Q

synthetic LSD can cause

A

heart attacks
strokes
blood clotting

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20
Q

LDS experience

A
  • last 6-9 hours
  • mostly visual/perceptual changes
    • colored lights, distorted images; synesthesia
  • altered sense of time
  • depersonalization
  • dilated pupils, elevated temperature & blood pressure
    • sympathetic nervous system
  • restlessness, euphoria & sensation that inner tension has been released
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21
Q

Synesthesia

A

may see sounds, taste words or feel a sensation on their skin when they smell certain scents. They may also see abstract concepts like time projected in the space around them.

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22
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

LSD

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23
Q

adverse effects of LSD

A
  • panic reaction
  • flashbacks
  • LSD psychosis
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24
Q

flash backs from LSD use

A

quite variable & unpredictable

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25
Q

LSD psychosis

A

rare & usually occur when the person is:

  • unaware of taking the drug
  • mentally unstable before taking the drug
  • in hostile or threatening conditions while on the drug
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26
Q

Pharmacology of LSD

A
  • extremely potent
  • no OD death reported in humans
  • high therapeutic index
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27
Q

serotonin-like hallucinogens:

A
  1. LSD
  2. mushrooms
  3. Peyote
  4. DMT
  5. Ayahuasca
  6. Nutmeg
  7. Mescaline
28
Q

Psilocybin

A

Aztecs and Mayans took this drug

  • long history in religious and ceremonial use
  • 4 mg yield pleasant experiences w relaxation & some bodily sensations
  • similar to LSD, but not as potent
  • potential therapy for fear and anxiety
29
Q

Peyote

A
  • mescal buttons
  • used in spiritual ceremonies (Native American church)
  • Pharmacokinetics
30
Q

How is peyote taken?

A

orally

31
Q

Pharmacokinetics of peyote

A
  • doesn’t easily get into brain
  • 1/2000 as potent as LSD
  • 1/2 life~2hours
32
Q

1/2 life of peyote?

A

2 hours

33
Q

Effects of peyote

A
  • nausea & vomiting
  • tremors & lack of coordination
  • after about an hour have LDS-like effects & respiratory arrest
  • death results from seizures
34
Q

DMT

A

typically sold in powder form and smoked

  • structurally similar to serotonin
  • peak drug effects vary widely by route
35
Q

route of admin for DMT

A

smoking: 1-5 min
injection: 10-15 min
orally or in pill form: 2-3 years

36
Q

5-MeO-DMT

A

might be called “Foxy”

  • 4-10 fold more potent than DMT
  • peak effects about 30-45 mins after inhalation
37
Q

licking toad

A

Colorado river toad in the Sonora desert

-DMT

38
Q

DMT & 5-MeO-DMT are only mildly active if taken

A

orally

-it must be taken with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-1; harmaline) antideppresent

39
Q

unlike LSD, both DMT & 5-MeO-DMT can be fatal if

A

smoked &/or injected in combo with MAO

40
Q

Monoamine Oxidase

A

enzyme breaks down monoamine, inhibitor (anti-depressant) stops enzyme from breaking down monoamine
-result in more available 5-HT

41
Q

Ayahuasca

A

Drink in South America that combines plants with DMT with plants with MAO-s

42
Q

how long does ayahuasca last?

A

6-12 hours

43
Q

3 phases of experiences Ayahuasca?

A

1) vivid visual imagery, dizziness & nausea with vomiting
2) contact with spirit world
3) fading of visions, a decrease in nausea & exhaustion

44
Q

Nutmeg

A

Myristin likely active ingredient

  • can cause changes in visual perceptions, visual hallucinations, depersonalization, euphoria
  • need a high dose (at least a tablespoon)
45
Q

Side effects of nutmeg

A

vomiting unconsciousness tremors that last up to 12 hours

46
Q

Mescaline

A

found in San Pedro Cactus

  • trip can last up to 10 hours
  • induces nausea & vomiting
    • **not common because of how sick it makes you
47
Q

Salvia Divinorum common effects:

A
  • uncontrollable hysterical laughter
  • overlapping realites
  • salvinorin A-active ingredient
  • **doesn’t not work on the same NT as other hallucinogens
  • Kappa opiod Receptor Agonist
  • smoke it! not very active orally
48
Q

a non-serotonin

A

saliva divinorum

49
Q

PCP & Ketamine

A
  • both are anesthetic agents
  • work on the glutamate system
  • NMDA antagonist
  • this results in dopamine release
50
Q

PCP

A
  • dissociation from the body
  • strong emotional response (positive or negative)
  • cognitive disorganization
  • *used to be used as anesthesia, felt pain but felt out of body
51
Q

angels dust

A

PCP

52
Q

Ketamine

A

less potent than PCP

  • marked dissociative state
  • complete loss of time
  • altered perception of “body consistency”
  • some experience insight in the mysteries of existence
53
Q

ketamine results

A

compulsive daily use can develop

  • tolerance does develop
  • repeated use causes neuronal changes including cell death
  • a single iv dose of ketamine markedly improves treatment resistant depression
54
Q

Which of the following is a serotonergic hallucinogen?

A

mescaline

55
Q

Salvia is currently listed as a ______ drug under the U.S. Controlled Substances Act.

A

it is not scheduled

56
Q

______ comes from a mushroom, and ______ comes from the root of a shrub.

A

psilocybin, ibogaine

57
Q

What is the most common hallucinogen in the United States, according to the most recent National Household Survey?

A

MDMA (ecstasy)

58
Q

What is the most common hallucinogen among adolescents, according to the most recent Monitoring the Future study?

A

salvia

59
Q

Prevalence rates for drug use in a population are often established using survey methodology. What is another way that scientists can estimate illicit drug use rates?

A

Researchers can also analyze wastewater (sewage) for uri-

nary biomarkers of illicit drugs

60
Q

During the 1950s and 1960s, hallucinogens played a role in medicine. At that time, why did physicians view halluci- nogens as medically useful? When did systematic research on the medical applications of hallucinogens end?

A

psychiatrists believed that
hallucinogens (especially LSD) would be helpful in talk- therapy treatment, as the drug would break down the normal barriers to communication and facilitate therapy. Psychia- trists were encouraged to try LSD themselves so that they could experience psychosis and be more empathetic to patients suffering from schizophrenia or other psychoti

61
Q

This hallucinogen results in a long trip that users report commonly involves contact with the spirit world and the ability to find lost objects or loved ones:

A

ayahuasca

62
Q

__________ was a clinical psychologist and conducted research using LSD and psilocybin at Harvard University.

A

timothy leary

63
Q

Mescaline is derived from:

A

San Pedro cactus

64
Q

Cross tolerance is most likely to occur between LSD and __________?

A

psilocybin

65
Q

Anticholinergic hallucinogens such as ____________ are alkaloids that act as acetylcholine receptor antagonists and can be found in plants such as deadly night shade.

A

Atropine

Psychology (12 decks)

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