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Psychology > Stimulants > Flashcards

Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulants

A

cocaine, amphetamine & methamphetamine, and MDMA (ecstasy)

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2
Q

Cocaine

A

1860s

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3
Q

cocaine routes of administration

A

chew the coca leaves, short powder, injection, freebase, smoke

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4
Q

short powder

A

soak & crush leaves: make a paste

paste is made water soluble with acids = cocaine hydrochloride

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5
Q

injection cocaine

A

intravenous cocaine hydrochloride

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6
Q

freebase cocaine

A

treat cocaine hydrochloride with ether and smoke

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7
Q

smoke

A

crack, cocaine hydrochloride is mixed with baking soda

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8
Q

cocaine effects

A
  • within 5 mins after snorting, feeling of exhilaration, well-being, and energy
  • sensation of clearer-thoughts & perception
  • enhance sexual activity
  • increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased temperature, bronchodilation, decreased appetite
  • motor effects
  • acute tolerance
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9
Q

cocaine last

A

20-30mins

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10
Q

motor effects

A

repetitive movements that have no function, head bobbing, sniffing, rearing, biting

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11
Q

cocaine withdrawal

A

no physical just craving

-depression

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12
Q

cocaine depression

A

depends on length of use & dose, with chronic use, clinical depression may develop, treat with anti-depressants

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13
Q

Harmful effects of cocaine

A

chronic use leads to liver damage in animals

  • inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane in the nose (could cause permanent damage to septum)
  • drug runs
  • intense cardiovascular effects that may lead to overdose
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14
Q

drug runs

A

intense compulsion to take drug

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15
Q

Caine Reaction

A

1) initial excitement, headache, nausea, vomiting, convulsion
2) unconsciousness, respiratory depression, cardiac failure

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16
Q

Where does cocaine work in the brain?

A

causes release of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
-blocks dopamine re-uptakes in the nucleus accumbent

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17
Q

dopamine re-uptakes

A

NT gets recycled back and used again

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18
Q

history of amphetamine

A
  • chemically related to ma huang (active ingredient = ephedrine)
  • synthesized in 1887, first tested in 1910
  • used in the mid-1900s as an antidepressant, appetite suppresent, and stimulant for prolonged alertness
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19
Q

Distribution and excretion of amphetamine

A

-easily crosses into brain
-amphetamine has a half life of of 7-14 hours
while meth has a half life of 12 hours

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20
Q

where does amphetamine work in the brain?

A

causes release of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

  • blocks dopamine re-uptakes in the nucleus accumbent
  • causes transmitters to “leak out” (slow trickle of dopamine)
  • increase release of NT
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21
Q

why does amphetamine last longer

A

transmitters leak out

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22
Q

Effects of amphetamine

A
  • people feel a sense of well-being and exhilaration
  • decrease in fatigue & an increase in energy
  • increase in: heart rate, blood pressure, temp
  • bronchodilation, and decreased in appetite
  • motor effects
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23
Q

sleep and performance amphetamine

A

stimulants keep you awake and prolonged use causes insomnia

  • amphetamine reliably improve performance on various task/skills
  • -increased endurance, diminished fatigue
  • amphetamine improves visual acuity and may also improve auditory acuity
24
Q

amphetamine tolerance

A

acute tolerance develops with IV use

  • chronic tolerance can develop
  • -chronic users can increase their dose over LD50
  • sensitization may occur
  • -motor effects
25
Q

amphetamine withdrawal

A

“letdown”: after a single dose period of depression and lethery develops

  • -related to dose & route
  • with chronic use, clinical depression may develop
26
Q

Methamphetamine

A

smoked, injected, snorted, oral, rectally

-people tend to binge, tolerance rapidly develops

27
Q

smoked meth

A

ICE, may last for 12 hours or more

28
Q

injected meth

A

IV, intense rush for a few mins

29
Q

snorted meth

A

effects within 3-5 mins

30
Q

oral meth

A

effects within 15-20 mins

31
Q

rectally meth

A

mixed with water, intense rush

32
Q

Amphetamine psychosis

A
  • high doses of amphetamine can result in amphetamine psychosis
  • indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia
  • violent behavior
  • “crank bugs
33
Q

Crank bugs

A

they think bugs are crawling on them

34
Q

Methamphetamine on the brain

A

damages axons and terminal buttons

  • dopamine and serotonin containing neurons
  • hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex
  • continues for @ least 2 years in animal models
  • may result in neuronal death
35
Q

hippocampus

A

memory and learning

36
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

reward

37
Q

frontal cortex

A

decision making

38
Q

harmful effects of meth

A
  • prolonged use: paranoid psychotic behavior
  • increased blood pressure can cause strokes in susceptible people
  • chronic IV use: irregular heartbeat and increased blood pressure can lead to internal bleeding and strokes
  • problems associated with IV drugs (AIDS/HIV; hepatitis)
39
Q

MDMA-“ecstasy”

A

*molly (a more pure MDMA)

synthesized in 1914

40
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

reaches peak levels in 1-2 hours

  • effects las 3-6 hours
  • takes over 40 hours to be excreted
41
Q

half life of MDMA

A

8 hours

42
Q

MDMA effects

A

hallucinations increase with dose

  • enhanced awareness of emotions & sensations
  • euphoria
  • sharpened perceptions
  • greater extraversion & closeness with people
  • rapid tolerance (good for weekends)
43
Q

mechanism of action of MDMA

A

causes serotonin within 30-45 mins after use

  • continues for about 3 hours until no more serotonin is available for release
  • causes dopamine release
  • causes norepinephrine release
44
Q

MDMA withdrawal

A

about 60% of people report withdrawal symptoms

-fatigue loss of appetite, depressed feelings, irritability and trouble concentrating

45
Q

Serotonin Neuronal damage in primates after MDMA

A

5mg/kg twice daily for 4 days caused marked serotonin damage

46
Q

PET Scans of MDMA

A

14 users who do not use MDMA for at least 3 weeks

  • significant reduction in serotonin “transporters”
  • significant damage to serotonin neurons
47
Q

Effects MDMA has on memory

A

24 chronic users who had not used in 2 weeks

  • standard memory test
  • significant impairments in visual and verbal memory in users compared to non-users
  • the more MDMA used, the worse the deficits memory
48
Q

Addictiveness of MDMA

A

physically and psychologically addictive

  • causes a significant & potentially fatal rise in body temp
  • hyperthermia
  • dehydration
  • Do not take with MAO inhibitor (antidepressant)
  • Do not take with HIV medication
49
Q

ADHD

A

among children with ADHD, 62% were taking ADHD medication

  • the percent of children 2-17 years of age with ADHD who received behavioral treatment was 47%
  • among children 2-17 years of age with current ADHD, about 77% were receiving treatment
50
Q

ADHD medication

A

methylphenidate (ritalin, concerta, daytrana)

-potency between amphetamine and caffeine

51
Q

ADHD mediation that is amphetamine

A

adderall, dexedrine, Vyanse, Strattera, nicotine

52
Q

adderall

A

mixture of different forms of amphetamine

53
Q

dexedrine

A

d-amphetamine

54
Q

vyvanse

A
  • inactive form of d-amphetamine

- broke down into amino acids and amphetamine

55
Q

Strattera

A
  • norepinephrine neuptake inhibitor

- adolescents and adults

56
Q

nicotine

A

in adults, nicotine patch reduces ADHD symptoms and improves performance on cognitive symptoms

  • nicotine patch & methylphenidate improves ADHD symptoms better than either alone (only tested in adult smokers)
  • nicotine patch is also effective in adolescent smokers (small sample size)
57
Q

ongoing research questions ADHD

A

what is the cause of ADHD?
what are the long term consequences of early stimulant use?
-neuronal development
-risk for later substance use

Psychology (12 decks)

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