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PEDS > Immune Function 1 > Flashcards

Immune Function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the immune system

A
  • recognize foreign substances
  • eliminate foreign substances
  • produce antibodies to work against antigens
  • prevent entry and remove foreign substances
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2
Q

what is the body’s inate defenses

A
  • natural immunity
  • skin, body pH, maternal antibodies, inflammatory response, phagocytic response
  • natural killer cells: attack infected cells
  • complement proteins: work with antibody
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3
Q

when do immunoglobulins develop

A

at different times throughout childhood/development

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4
Q

what are the types of acquired immunity

A
  • humoral (antibody mediated)

- cell mediated

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5
Q

describe humoral immunity

A

antibody mediated

antibodies created by B lymphocytes (eventually memory B cells)

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6
Q

describe cell medicated immunity

A
  • T cells mature in thymus
  • assist B lymphocytes to make antibodies
  • killer T cells and eventually memory T cells
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7
Q

immune diagnostics

A
  • HIV test
  • RAST
  • skin reactions (intradermal skin testing)
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8
Q

immune lab tests

A
  • CBC
  • complement
  • immunoglobulins
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9
Q

describe HIV

A
  • immunodeficiency
  • AIDS is caused by HIV
  • HIV destroys body’s ability to fight infection
  • *most HIV cases in children d/t perinatal trasmission
  • leading cause of newly acquired HIV in teens is unprotected sex
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10
Q

diagnoses of HIV

A
  • HIV infected: 2 or more and HIV or clinical s/s of HIV infection or AIDS illness
  • prenatally exposed: born to a mother known to be infected with HIV
  • seroconverter: born to a mother known to be infected with HIV but has two negative HIV test
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11
Q

what are the HIV classifications

A
  • category N: not symptomatic
  • category A: mildly symptomatic
  • category B: moderately symptomatic
  • category C: severely symptomatic, multiple recurrent serious bacterial infections
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12
Q

HIV testing

A
  • EIA &ELISA: most commonly used to identify HIV (positive results verified by western blot test)
  • Western Blot test: definitive confirmatory test for HIV
  • rapid HIV: useful for quick testing but may have false positive
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13
Q

HIV nursing care

A
  • close monitoring for s/s of infection
  • hand hygiene, pathogen avoidance
  • provide nutritional support
  • keep skin & membranes healthy
  • keep pain free
  • teach prevention measures
  • encouraged discussion
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14
Q

HIV outcomes

A
  • eliminate infection risk
  • demonstrate good nutritional intake
  • maintain intact skin an oral mucous membrane
  • freedom from pain
  • demonstrate knowledge about care and emotional health
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15
Q

what is an immune deficiency

A
  • reduction or loss of ability to identify and remove foreign substances
  • treatment: prevent infection and enhance immunity
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16
Q

what is an autoimmune disorder

A
  • reduction or loss of ability to distinguish self from nonself
  • treatment: suppress immune response
17
Q

autoimmune nursing care

A
  • identify triggers
  • reduce exacerbation/flare ups (ie/ reduce stress)
  • prevent/reduce complications (ie/ infection, skin breakdown, impaired mobility, med SE, dehydration)
  • promote growth and development (self care)
18
Q

describe JRA and JIA

A
  • juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
  • autoimmune inflammatory disease causing inflammation of joints and other tissue with an unknown cause (genetic?)
  • begins before 16 (peak onset 1-3 yrs)
  • common in females
  • leading cause of disability (approx 40-60% carry s/s into adulthood)
19
Q

what does JRA typically cause

A

-chronic inflammation of synovium with joint effusion that can lead to erosion and destruction of articular cartilage

20
Q

s/s of JIA

A
  • fever
  • rash
  • splenomegaly
  • hepatomegaly
  • lymphadenopathy
21
Q

clinical manifestations of JIA

A
  • single or multiple joint association
  • stiffness, swelling
  • loss of motion in affected area
  • morning stiffness
  • joints are swollen, warm to touch (not red tho)
22
Q

diagnostics for JIA

A

no definitive test

based off criteria of american college of rheumatology

23
Q

diagnostic criteria for JIA

A
  • onset younger than 16 yrs
  • arthritis in 1 or more joints
  • duration of arthritis more than 6 wks
  • exclusion of other forms of arthritis
24
Q

goals of JIA treatment

A
  • relive pain
  • control inflammation
  • manage systemic complications
  • preserve ROM and joint function
  • promote normal development
25
Q

JIA outcomes

A
  • pt exhibits no s/s of discomfort and moves with minimal discomfort
  • pt will perform ADLs and participate in age appropriate activities with minimal fatigue
  • family and pt demonstrates understanding
26
Q

JIA medical treatment

A
  • nonsteroid inflammatory drugs (ASPIRIN, ibuprofen, and naproxen)
  • slower acting antirheumatic drugs (second line meds: sulfasalazine and methotrexate)
  • corticosteroids may be used
  • physical therapy and occupational therapy
27
Q

why can aspirin be used for JIA

A

acetaminophen not as effective as aspirin for decreased inflammation (can use ibuprofen tho as aspirin should NOT be given frequently to children)

28
Q

JIA nursing care

A
  • promote mobility
  • encourage adequate nutrition
  • teach parents and child about disease and management
29
Q

describe allergic reactions

A
  • allergy is an abnormal/altered reaction to an antigen
  • antigens responsible for allergy manifestations are known as ALLERGENS
  • allergens can be ingested, absorbed, injected, inhaled
30
Q

manifestations of allergic reactions

A

-rash, urticaria, itchiness, asthama and hay fever (type 1 systemic reactions)

31
Q

describe hypersensitivity reactions

A

-overreaction to foreign substance (mild to life threatening)

32
Q

hypersensitivity nursing management

A
  • prevent exposure
  • identify and remove antigen ***
  • initiate anit anaphylaxis measures (antihistamine, epi, resp support, IV fluid access)

PEDS (24 decks)

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