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Y2 LCRS Anatomy of Limbs > introduction to the limbs > Flashcards

introduction to the limbs Flashcards

bones: explain and contrast the basic mechanisms of intramembranous and endochondral bone development; outline the properties of bone, and recall the different types of bone organisation in relation to function; recall the mechanisms of appositional growth of bones, long-bone elongation and bone remodeling. Understand the basic mechanisms involved in bone fracture healing

1
Q

5 functions of bone

A

support of body shape, system of levers for muscle action, protection of internal organs, site of blood cell formation, mineral storage pool

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2
Q

2 bone mechanical properties

A

cable-like flexibility and resistance to tension, pillar-like stiffness and resistance to compression

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3
Q

structure of bone which allows cable-like flexibility and resistance to tension

A

framework is collagen and other bone proteins (osteoid)

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4
Q

structure of bone which allows pillar-like stiffness and resistance to compression

A

impregnation of collagen with crystalline mineral (hydroxyapatite - complex calcium hydroxyphosphate)

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5
Q

2 main types of bone tissue

A

woven (immature), lamellar (mature)

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6
Q

where is woven bone found in adults

A

earlier stages of repairing fractures

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7
Q

lamellar vs woven bone

A

lamellar has lamellar layers; woven is much more irregular

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8
Q

components of typical long bone, using femur as example

A

shaft (diaphysis), heads (epiphysis)

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9
Q

contents and components of bone in femur head, and femur shaft

A

femur head: proximal epiphysis, spongy bone, metaphysis, medullary cavity in diaphysis, compact bone (thicker and denser), articular cartilage on end at joint; shaft: nutrient foramen for nutrient artery, hollow medullary cavity for marrow and reduce mass

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10
Q

describe arrangement of lamellar bone

A

outer hard layer of compact lamellar bone (cortical bone), inner layer of interlacing struts of lamellar bone (cancellous / spongy / trabecular bone)

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11
Q

describe trabecular bone

A

lamellar but irregularly arranged

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12
Q

microscopy of lamellar bone

A

osteon (central canal with nerves and vessels, with concentric lamellae containing many osteocytes connected by gap junctions (share nutrients, get rid of waste), and calcium salt deposits)

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13
Q

rich blood supply of bones

A

major supply is from nutrient artery through nutrient foramen/canal; arteries at epiphysis also

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14
Q

what is the outer layer of bone called

A

periosteum

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15
Q

2 structural features of periosteum

A

fibrous and cellular

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16
Q

roles of periosteum

A

bone growth, repair

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17
Q

blood and nerve supply of periosteum

A

vascular and good sensory nerve supply

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18
Q

bone cell maturation pathway

A

osteogenic stem cell -> osteoblast -> osteocyte -> osteoclast

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19
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

form bone matrix

20
Q

what do osteocytes do

A

maintain bone tissue

21
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

function in resorption and breakdown of bone matrix (targeted to prevent bone loss)

22
Q

describe border of osteoclasts

A

ruffled

23
Q

when does the skeleton form in foetal life and when does growth of some bones continue until

A

starts at 6 weeks of foetal life, and can continue until 25 years of age

24
Q

2 types of ossification

A

intramembranous, endochondral

25
Q

where is intramembrous ossification

A

in existing vascular connective tissue

26
Q

where is endochondral ossification

A

within existing foetal cartilage models

27
Q

what happens in intramembrous ossification

A

bone matrix (ostein) deposited around collagen -> mineralises to form woven bone -> remodels to lamellar bone

28
Q

what happens in endochondral ossification

A

cartilage calcifies and chondrocytes die -> periosteal osteoclasts cut channels for sprouting vessels -> osteoblasts enter with vessels to build bone round them

29
Q

intramembrous ossification

A

development of ossification centre -> calcification -> formation of trabeculae -> development of periosteum

30
Q

issue with long bones needing to support large forces while growing

A

would disrupt terminal appositional growth

31
Q

solution to preventing disruption of appositional growth in long bones while growing and supporting large forces

A

shaft ossifies first, followed by epiphyses -> growth continues by ossification at growing cartilage plate between them -> growth cessation when cartilage growth ceases and plate is over-run by ossification

32
Q

process of enochrondral ossification

A

development of cartilage model -> growth of cartilage model -> development of primary ossification centre (attracts osteoclasts) -> development of medullary (marrow) cavity -> development of secondary ossification centre -> formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

33
Q

bone elongation: epiphyseal growth

A

chondrocyte-like cells arranged in columns; continuous proliferation and elongating shaft in one direction

34
Q

age-related changes in appearance of normal bones: when do child’s wrist epiphyses ossify

A

2nd year (so anytime beforehand, gaps are epiphyseal plates not fractures)

35
Q

age-related changes in appearance of normal bones: when do epiphyseal plates stop remaining cartilaginous

A

until growth ceases after puberty (so anytime beforehand, gaps are epiphyseal plates not fractures)

36
Q

4 aspects of bone adaptability

A

can grow without compromising its support functions, increases or decreases bulk and density in response to pattern of use, can alter its external and internal shape in response to pattern of use (remodelling), can repair when fractured

37
Q

3 keys to growth and remodelling of bone

A

bone has a large blood supply so cells are never far from nutrients and O2; osteocytes maintain matrix but can activate osteoblasts for new bone building; osteoclasts are giant cells specialised for destruction of bone matrix

38
Q

name and location of process of bone growing in diameter

A

apposition (addition to exterior at periosteum)

39
Q

how does bone diameter grow (apposition)

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts create ridges and grooves on bone surface -> blood vessels align in grooves -> osteoblasts build new osteons round vessels -> osteoclasts remove bone from endosteal surface

40
Q

9 fractures of bone

A

transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, segmental, avulsed, impacted, torus, greenstick

41
Q

diagram of 9 fractures of bone

A

diagram

42
Q

stages of fracture healing

A

haematoma -> new blood vessels -> bony callus of spongy bone trabecula -> healed fracture

43
Q

what is an important part of fracture healing and why

A

bleeding, as haematoma becomes infiltrated by fibrous matrix and invaded by cartilage/bone progenitors

44
Q

what bone tissue is fracture repair via

A

woven (immature healing bone) tissue, which then becomes lamellar bone

45
Q

what does late fracture repair involve

A

reactive cartilage undergoing endochondrial ossification

46
Q

what happens if blood [Ca2+] levels high

A

calcitonin released by parafollicular thyroid cells -> breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclast inhibitition, and uptake of Ca2+ into bone matrix is promoted

47
Q

what happens if blood [Ca2+] levels low

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) released by chief cells of parathyroid gland -> osteoclast bone resorption activity promoted, and increased Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys

Y2 LCRS Anatomy of Limbs (25 decks)

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