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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Main Function of Respiratory System

A
  • Air movement. - in and out of lungs

- Exchange of gases (O2 + CO2) between lungs and blood

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2
Q

Upper Respiratory System

A

-Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

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3
Q

Lower Respiratory System

A
  • Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
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4
Q

Respiratory System is Lined With:

A
  • Lined with mucosa (with one exception)
  • All have epithelial tissue + CT
  • Epithelial tissue for most = ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium (with goblet cells) - Cilia sweep mucous to esophagus where swallowed
  • Connective tissue layer of ALL mucosae = lamina propria
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5
Q

Nose

A
  • Supported by bone + hyaline cartilage

- Nostrils = nares

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6
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • Functions:
    1) Airway passage (warm + moisten air)
    2) Olfaction
    3) Speech (resonance chamber)
  • Divided by nasal septum
    1) Anterior part = hyaline cartilage
    2) Posterior Part = Vomer, ethmoid, maxillae, palatine bones
  • 3 Areas
    1) Vestibule
    2) Respiratory Area
    3) Olfactory Area
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7
Q

Vestibule (Nasal Cavity)

A
  • Anterior region

- Lined by skin with coarse hairs

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8
Q

Respiratory Area (Nasal Cavity)

A
  • Posterior region
  • mucosa = ciliated pseudostratified epithelium + CT
  • Conchae protrude from walls- superior and middle (both part of ethmoid) -inferior (separate bone)
  • Inferior to each concha = a nasal meatus (shallow groove)
  • Conchae and meatuses cause air turbulence to knock out dust
  • Lacrimal duct opens into cavity (just below inferior nasal concha) - tears into nasal cavity
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9
Q

Olfactory Area (Nasal Cavity)

A
  • Sense of smell
  • Roof of Cavity
  • Neurons = olfactory receptors
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10
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A
  • 8 air-filled spaces in skull
  • Paired left and right spaces in: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae
  • Open directly into nasal cavity
  • Function:
    1) Warm, moisten air
    2) Lighten skull
  • Sinusitis - inflammation of mucous membrane
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11
Q

Pharynx (throat)

A
  • Skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane
  • 3 Regions:
    1) Nasopharynx
    2) Oropharynx
    3) Laryngopharynx
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12
Q

Nasopharynx (Pharynx)

A
  • Posterior to nasal cavity
  • Air passage only
  • Contains:
    1) Pharyngeal tonsil
    2) Openings:
    2 posterior nasal apertures
    2 pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tubes
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13
Q

Oropharynx (Pharynx)

A
  • Posterior to oral cavity
  • Air and food passage
  • Stratified squamous epithelium (abrasion)
  • From soft palate to epiglottis
  • Contains: Palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil
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14
Q

Laryngopharynx (Pharynx)

A
  • Air and food passage
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • From epiglottis to opening of larynx
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15
Q

Larynx (Voice Box)

A
  • Air passage only
  • Made of 9 cartilages (except epiglottis):
    1) Thyroid Cartilage (Unpaired)
    2) Cricoid Cartilage (Unpaired)
    3) Epiglottis (Unpaired)
    4) Arytenoid (Paired)
  • Don’t need to know the other 2 cartilages
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16
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A
  • On anterior wall

- = Adam’s apple

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17
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

Forms complete ring

18
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • Covers glottis during swallowing

- Elastic cartilage

19
Q

Arytenoid

A
  • Attaches vocal cords
20
Q

Vocal cords (Larynx)

A
  • = 2 paired folds in the mucosa
    1) Vestibuler Fold
  • = false vocal cords
  • Superior fold
    2) Vocal Fold
  • = true vocal cords
  • Inferior fold
  • Produce sound by vibration
21
Q

Glottis (Larynx)

A
  • =true vocal cords + opening

- Closes to prevent food + liquid from entering trachea

22
Q

Laryngitis (Larynx)

A
  • = inflammation of larynx - can arise from infection, irritation
23
Q

Trachea

A
  • Connects larynx to main bronchi
  • Anterior to esophagus
  • Consists of 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
  • Open part of C faces esophagus- permits expansion of esophagus
24
Q

Bronchial Tree

A

Look at diagram!!

25
Q

Lungs

A
  • Right and Left separated by mediastinum
  • Pleura = serous membrane
    Visceral - on surface of lung
    Parietal - on inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm + mediastinum
  • Pleura cavity = filled with serous fluid
    Prevents friction when lungs move
  • Holds lungs to thoracic cavity wall
  • Respiratory zone = respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli - O2 enters air (gas exchange occurs mainly in alveoli)
26
Q

Right lung

A
  • 3 lobes

- Superior, Middle, Inferior

27
Q

Left lung

A
  • 2 lobes
  • Superior and inferior
  • Has cardiac notch (where heart lies)
28
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A
  • Consists of alveolar walls + surrounding capillaries
  • 3 layers = 2 epithelia and their fused basement membranes
    1) Wall of alveolus
    2) Basement membrane of alveolus + capillary
    3) Wall of capillary
29
Q

Wall of Alveolus (Respiratory Membrane)

A
  • Simple epithelium
  • Made of 3 cell types:
    1) Type I alveolar cells
  • Simple squamous
  • allows gas diffusion
    2) Type II alveolar cells
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Secrete surfactant - allows lungs to expand with ease
    3) Macrophages
  • Free-moving across surface of type I cells
  • Remove dust + debris
    NOTE: alveolar pores allow air movement between alveoli
30
Q

Wall of Capillary (Respiratory Membrane)

A
  • Simple squamous epithelium (=endothelial cell)
31
Q

Blood Supply to Lung

A
  • 2 Routes
    1) Pulmonary Circulation = blood to be oxygenated
    2) Bronchial Circulation = subdivision of systemic
  • Blood to nourish lung tissue
32
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Right Ventricle - Pulmonary Trunk - Pulmonary Arteries - Capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs - Pulmonary Veins - Left Atrium

33
Q

Bronchial Circulation Info

A

1) Bronchial arteries
- Arise from aorta (systemic)
- Carry oxygenated blood to tissues (e.g. bronchi) except respiratory zone
2) Returning to heart, blood drains into:
- Bronchial vein (little blood)(to right atrium - systemic)
- OR pulmonary veins (most blood) (to left atrium - pulmonary)

34
Q

Bronchial Circulation Route

A

Left Ventricle - Aorta - Bronchial Arteries - All lung bronchial tissue (EXCEPT respiratory zone)( this goes to pulmonary veins - left atrium) - bronchial vein - vena cava - right atrium

35
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs - between cells and within alveoli

36
Q

Tuberculosis (Myobacterium tuberculosis) (TB)

A
  • Thickens respiratory membrane- lung tissue replaced by fibrous CT (scars)
  • Decreased lung elasticity and gas exchange area
37
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Blockage of pulmonary vasculature - due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels, etc.

38
Q

Pneumothorax

A
  • Entry of air into pleural cavity

- Causes lung to collapse

39
Q

Emphysema

A

Alveolar walls break down

  • Fewer, larger alveoli
  • Decreased surface area for gas exchange
  • Decreased elasticity (Hard to breathe) + recoil (less air out on exhalation)
40
Q

Ventilation (Breathing)

A
  • Muscles are all skeletal
    1) Inspiration (intake of air)
  • Diaphragm + external intercostals contract
    2) Expiration (air moves to atmosphere from lungs)
  • Diaphragm + external intercostals relax
  • Exhaling = passive process

Anatomy (16 decks)

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