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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive System Overview

A

Includes:

1) Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
- Tube from mouth to anus
2) Accessory Organs
- Teeth, tongue, salivary glands
- Pancreas
- Liver, gallbladder
- Know quadrants

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

Food into oral cavity

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3
Q

Digestion

A
  • Large molecules broken down into smaller molecules
  • 2 Types:
    a) mechanical
  • Motility e.g. chewing
    b) chemical
  • enzymes + acid secretions
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4
Q

Absorption

A
  • End products of digestion enter blood or lymph
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5
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of waste + indigestion material

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6
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract Layers

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscular Externa
4) Serosa
5) Enteric Nervous System

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7
Q

Mucosa (Inner most layer)

A
  • 3 layers
    1) Epithelium with numerous goblet cells
  • Stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal
  • Simple columnar: stomach, small + large intestine
    2) Lamina Propria = areolar CT
  • Contains blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodules/ tissues (immune)
    3) Muscular Mucosa (just in the GI tract, not found anywhere else)
  • Smooth muscle -allows movement of mucosa
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8
Q

Submucosa

A
  • Areolar CT

- Contains: blood + lymphatic vessels, submucosa nerve plexus

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9
Q

Muscular Externa

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Inner circular layer
  • Outer longitudinal Layer
  • Myenteric nerve plexus between layers
  • Contractions cause motility (mixing + movement)
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10
Q

Serosa (or adventitia)

A
  • Cavity = lumen
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11
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A
  • Nervous system of GI tract
  • Myenteric system of GI tract - controls muscular external
  • Submucous plexus- controls activity of mucosal glands and muscle
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12
Q

Oral Cavity (Digestive System)

A

Includes

1) Lips
2) Cheeks
3) Palate
i) Hard plate - 2 maxillae + 2 palatine bones
ii) Soft - posterior to hard palate
- Skeletal muscle
- Posterior projection = uvula
- Rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing
4) Tongue
- attached to hyoid bone
- skeletal muscle
- projections of mucosa = papillae (taste buds)

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13
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  • 3 pairs
    1) Parotid
  • inferior and anterior to ears
  • mumps = inflammation of 1 or both parotids
    2) Submandibular
  • floor of mouth
    3) Sublingual
  • below tongue on floor of mouth
  • Saliva
  • 99.5% H20
  • 0.5% solutes (e.g. enzymes)
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14
Q

Dentition (Teeth)

A

-in maxillae and mandible
- Child dentition
Primary dentition - deciduous (“baby”) teeth
- Adult dentition
Secondary dentition - permanent teeth
- LOOK AT DIAGRAM

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15
Q

Tooth Structure

A

1) Crown
-above the gum
- dentin = majority of tooth
- enamel overlay = acellular, highly calcified (HARD)
2) Root
- Dentin with cementum overlay
3) Neck
- Enamel + cementum boundary (gums)
4) Periodontal Ligaments
- Attach root to bones
5) Root canal extends to pulp cavity
- Contains CT, blood/lymph vessels, and nerves
NOTE: dentin, enamel + cementum = similar to bone, but avascular

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16
Q

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

A
  • Only muscular externa (skeletal muscle) and mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)
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17
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Posterior to trachea
  • Passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity
  • All 4 histological layers in GI tract from this point on - exceptions in esophagus
    1) Muscular Externa
  • Upper 1/3 -skeletal muscle
  • Middle 1/3 - skeletal + smooth muscle (transition zone)
  • Lower 1/3 - smooth muscle
    2) Has adventitia in mediastinum (outermost layer) = fibrous CT (no epithelium)
18
Q

Stomach

A
  • Has 4 regions:
    1) Cardiac region (cardia) - attached to esophagus
    2) Fundus - above esophageal entrance
    3) Body
    4) Pyloric Region (Pylorus) - has pyloric sphincter
  • Greater and lesser curvatures
  • Converts food into chime
19
Q

Stomach Mucosa

A
  • Invaginations of epithelium form gastric glands (exocrine) - Secretes gastric juice to lumen
20
Q

Gastric Glands Contain (Stomach)

A

1) Chief Cells
- Secrete pepsinogen + gastric lipase (enzymes)
2) Parietal Cells
- Secrete HCI + intrinsic factor (for vit B12 abs in lieu)
3) Goblet Cells
- Mucus (surface epithelium also contains many goblet cells)
4) G cells (enteroendocrine cells)
- Secrete gastrin (hormone; to blood)

21
Q

Rugae (Stomach)

A
  • Folds of the mucosa + submucosa due to contraction of muscular mucosa
  • Allows expansion without tearing mucosa
22
Q

Muscular Externa (Stomach)

A
  • Function = churning
  • 3 layers:
    1) Inner oblique
    2) Middle circular
    3) Outer longitudinal
23
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • End of pyloric Sphincter to ileocaecal valve
  • 3 segments:
    1) Duodenum - first fold (short) - retroperitoneal
  • Extra glands here secrete alkaline mucus to protect against stomach acid
    2) Jejunum - middle section
    3) Ileum
  • Has groups of lymph nodules = Peyer’s patches
  • Prevent infection of small intestine and bacteria from entering blood
24
Q

Segments specialized to increase absorption surface area: (Small intestine)

A

1) Plicae circulares
- Submucosa thrown into folds
2) Villi
- Projections of mucosa into lumen
- Contains:
Blood capillaries
Lacteals (= lymph capillaries that absorb e.g. fats)
3) Microvilli
- Brush border on enterocytes (simple columnar)
- Extend into lumen
Microvilli - villus - Enterocyte

25
Q

Within Epithelium, separate enteroendocrine cells secrete the hormones:

A

1) Secretin

2) Cholecystokinin

26
Q

Small Intestinal Accessory Organs

A

Enzymes, alkaline fluid and bile enter duodenum via series of ducts (look up ducts)

1) Pancreas
2) Liver
3) Gallbladder

27
Q

Pancreas - Retroperitoneal

A
  • Parts: head, body, tail
  • Contains:
    1) Exocrine Portion
  • Acinar cells/ acini (most of pancreas)
  • Secrete digestive enzymes (into ducts)
  • Duct Cells - secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid
  • Digestive enzymes + alkaline fluid = pancreatic juice
    2) Endocrine Portion
    = islets of Langerhans (amid acini)
  • Secrete hormones: insulin + glucagon to regulate blood sugar
28
Q

Liver

A
  • 4 Lobes (Right, Left, caudate, Quadrate)
  • Cells = hepatocytes
  • Filters material from GI tract (nutrients, toxins etc) before going to rest of body produce bile
  • Produces bile - for fat digestion
29
Q

Gallbladder

A
  • Muscular sac on surface of liver
  • Rugae, no submucosa
  • Stores, concentrates bile between meals
30
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Ileocaecal valve to anus
  • No villi or folds
  • Consists of:
    1) Caecum
    2) Appendix
    3) Colon
    4) Rectum
    5) Anus
31
Q

Colon (Large Intestine)

A
  • Parts:
    1) Ascending (right side)
    2) Hepatic Flexure
    3) Transverse
    4) Splenic Flexure
    5) Descending (Left side)
    6) Sigmoid
  • Muscularis externa longitudinal layer incomplete = taeniae coli - contraction forms pouches = haustra
  • Epiploic appendages = fat-filled pouches - function unknown
32
Q

Rectum (Large Intestine)

A
  • No taeniae coli

- Anal canal = last 3cm

33
Q

Anus (Large Intestine)

A
  • 2 anal sphincters: internal (smooth muscle) + external (skeletal muscle - voluntary control)
34
Q

Immune Function (Lymphatic System of Intestines)

A
  • Lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small + large intestines
  • Peyer’s patches in ileum - prevent infection of small intestine and prevent bacteria from entering blood
35
Q

Digestive Function (Lymphatic System of Intestines)

A
  • Lymph vessels - most absorbed fats from small intestine enter lacteals (some into blood)
  • Lacteals - Lymph Collecting Vessels - Cisterna Chyli - Thoracic Duct - Left Subclavian Vein
36
Q

Lower GI Tract Blood Circulation

A

Diagram!!

37
Q

Serous Membrane (Peritoneum)

A
  • Visceral peritoneum (against organ wall)
  • Parietal peritoneum (against abdominal cavity wall)
  • Peritoneal cavity = filled with serous fluid
38
Q

Serous between organs (Peritoneum)

A

= sheet of 2 fused visceral peritoneum layers

  • Contains blood/lymph vessels + nerves
  • Forms folds in some areas = omenta:
    1) Greater Omentum
  • “Fatty Apron”
  • Covers transverse colon + small intestine
  • Contains fat - protection, insulation, energy reserve
    2) Lesser Omentum
  • Suspends stomach from liver
39
Q

Mesentery (Peritoneum)

A
  • Suspends small intestine from cavity wall

- Double layer of parietal peritoneum

40
Q

Retroperitoneal (Peritoneum)

A
  • An organ behind the peritoneum
  • Peritoneum lines only one side
    ~ Anterior = parietal peritoneum
    ~ Posterior = CT (adventitia)
41
Q

Peritonitis (Peritoneum)

A
  • Inflammation of the peritoneum
  • Due to: burst appendix, wounds etc.
    Look up image!

Anatomy (16 decks)

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