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Voluntary Motion Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cortical areas associated w/ the production of voluntary motion ?

A

Primary motor cortex
Supplementary motor cortex
Pre-motor cortex

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2
Q

How does pre motor cortex participate in the control of voluntary motion?

A

Receives SENSORY INFO needed to move and decides what motion to produce

Applies RULES, is it OK to move??

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3
Q

What are the 2 division of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

SMA

Pre-SMA

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4
Q

How does SMA participate in the control of voluntary motion?

A

Postural control

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5
Q

How does pre-SMA participate in the control of voluntary motion?

A

Plans motor sequences and has exec. Control over the TACTICS/strategies to use

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6
Q

What are the three functions of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Organize motor sequences

Acquire motor skills

Executive control (decision to switch actions/strategies)

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7
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre central gyrus

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8
Q

What is highly represented on the pre central gyrus?

A

Controls regions of body that do fine motions(i.e. Hands)

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9
Q

What does the primary motor cortex get particularly excited by?

A

Specific movements that are related to moving arms/hands INTO the face(mouth) or body

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10
Q

How is the primary motor cortex organized?

A

Into columns

Neocortex arranged into columns, made up of 6 layers

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11
Q

What does layer 4 of the neocortex contain?

A

A layer of synapses that receives sensory info from the specific muscle assoc. w/ column

Sensory info - muscle and joint proprioception

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12
Q

What does layer 5 of the columns in the primary motor cortex do?

A

Output for CST pathway to go down SC

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13
Q

What do a subset of CST axons synapse on?

What are these called?

A

Can synapse on alpha MN controlling Muscle assoc. w/ column

Subset = pre-motor neuron (a UMN)

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14
Q

What are the 2 sets of neurons found in each columN

A

One STARTS motion

One MAINTAINS motion as long as necessary

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15
Q

What does stimulation of any given column produce?

A

A specific movement

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16
Q

To control a fine motion, the column would stimulate ___?

A

Contraction of a SINGLE muscle

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17
Q

To control a general motion, the column would stimulate ___?

A

Stimulate GROUP of muscles for contraction

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18
Q

What do neighboring columns have in common?

A

Control related MOTION

Not necessarily Ms.

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19
Q

What are the 2 kinds of columns?

A
  1. On/off for agonist

2. On/off for antagonist

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20
Q

What does the primary motor cortex code for?

A

Individual motions required to reach the goal

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21
Q

What is the dorsal visual pathway?

A

Occipital cortex —> parietal/frontal cortex

Helps us complete motor acts based on visual input

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22
Q

What does reaching require info about?

A

About OBJECT’s location

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23
Q

How is info for reaching real eye?

A

Visual cortex —> Parietal cortex, V6a, PEc, MIP, VIP —> VIP makes ROUGH map —> F4 makes Detailed map

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24
Q

What does the Vental intraparietal area do?

A

Makes rough map of space around you

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25
Q

Where if F4 found?

A

Within the premotor cortex

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26
Q

What does F4 do?

A

Creates DETAILED map of space around you

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27
Q

What excites the neurons within F4?

A

Excited by proximity of objects

CLoser you are, more excited they get!!

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28
Q

What is the info relay system for your own body position?

A

F2 in the premotor cortex

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29
Q

What is the pathway for info about your body position?

A

Visual info about where arm is —> superior parietal cortex —> F2 in pre motor cortex

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30
Q

What does F2 do?

A

Creates a related map of where your ARM (or other body part) is in relationship to body and things around you

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31
Q

What does Grasping info about?

A

Info about what you INTEND on doing and the FEATURES OF ITEM

Gs = Goal and Grasping

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32
Q

What is the info relay system for grasping?

A

AIP and PFG —> F5 —> Goal of action

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33
Q

Will stimulation of F5 produce a motor act

A

No

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34
Q

If neurons in the AIP and PFG are excited just by seeing an object to grasp, what do we call them?

A

Visually dominant

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35
Q

If neurons in the AIP and PFG are excited just grasping an object, what do we call them?

A

Motor dominant

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36
Q

If neurons in the AIP and PFG are excited by seeing AND grasping an object, what do we call them?

A

Visuomotor neuron

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37
Q

Why are there different F5 neurons?

A

Different ones for different goals

I.e. sipping from a cup vs. carrying a bunch of cups

38
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Sequence complex actions

Correct force/direction

Balance and eye movements

Learning of complex actions

39
Q

What are the 2 regions within the spinocerebellum?

A

Vermis

Paravermis

40
Q

What is the Vermis in control of?

A

Postural control of ONGOING motions

41
Q

What are the inputs to the vermis?

A

Vestibular

Visual and auditory

Efferent copy

42
Q

What are the outputs of the Vermis regions?

A

Interposed nuclei

Fastigial nucleus

RuT

43
Q

What is the Paravermis region of the SPinocerebellum for?

A

Correct force and direction of ONGOING motion

Control of BALLISTIC Motions

44
Q

What are the input to the paravermis region?

A

Msucle afferent (force and direction)

Efferent copy

45
Q

What are the outputs of the paravermis region of the spinocerebellum?

A

Interposed nuclei

RuT

46
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

A

PLAN complex motions and sequence of them

NOT ONGOING

47
Q

What are the inputs to the cerebrocerebellum?

A

All regions of cerebral cortex

NO EFFERENT COPY

48
Q

What are the outputs of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Dentate

Back to cortex

49
Q

What makes up the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Flocculus

Nodule

50
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum for?

A

Balance/eye movements; for FUTURE movements

51
Q

What are the inputs to the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Vestibular apparatus (direct or indirect)

52
Q

What are the outputs of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Fastigial nucleus —> vestibular nuclei

Will then ascend or descend

53
Q

What causes Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Anti body against the nicotinic cholinergic R. Located at the motor end plate

54
Q

What does the LGN do?

A

Begins early processing of the visual imaging at an UNCONSCIOUS level

55
Q

What does the ventral pathway do for a visual image?

A

Naming/identifying objects in field of vision

56
Q

What does the dorsal pathway do for a visual image?

A

Transmits visual image to MOTOR and Sensory cortices for ACTION

57
Q

What is dopamine that is made in the vetnral tegmental area for?

A

For emotions

58
Q

What is the dopamine made int he substantia nigra made for?

A

Motor control

59
Q

What is the dopamine made in the hypothalamus made for?

A

Endocrine control

60
Q

What are D1 receptors associated with?

Causing what?

A

Gs —> increase cAMP —> increase excitability of neuron

61
Q

What are D2 receptors assoc. w/?

A

Gi —> decrease in cAMP —> decrease in neuronal excitability

62
Q

What are D1-like receptors?

A

D5

63
Q

What are D2 like receptors?

A

D3 and D4

64
Q

What does spasticity result from?

A

Overactive gamma motor neurons that makes msucle spindle hypersensitive

Causes overactive response to a passive motion

65
Q

What could cause over active gamma motor neurons?

A

Damage to brainstem’ s inhibitory region

Facilitatory regions are dominant and will produce too much gamma MNs

66
Q

What control the walking motion?

A

A central pattern generator in the SC

67
Q

What is a Central Pattern Generator?

A

Collection of neurons whose output controls/generates a motor act that needs to be repeated over and over to be effective w

68
Q

What kinds of motions are controlled by CPGs?

Examples?

A

Rhythmic, stereotyped and modifiable motions

Are more complex that reflexes but less than voluntary

EX.: breathing or walking

69
Q

What does sensory info do to the CPG?

A

Can modifying the action occurring

70
Q

Where it’s he general location of the CPG for walking?

A

Spinal cord

71
Q

The CPG for walking is under control of what?

A

Voluntary control that checks if it is OK to walk right now and what the GOAL is

Priamry motor cortex and cerebellar regions = significant role in activated walking CPG

72
Q

What will sensory info to the walking CPG make sure of?

A

Makes sure walking motion is appropriate to the environment that I am walking in

73
Q

What happens when we take away sensory input to the CPG?

A

CPG slows down walking pace

74
Q

What is the normal mechanism of activation of the CPG?

A

Cortex

75
Q

What do we see regarding the walking CPG in patients w/ spinal cord injuries?

A

Sensory info can initiate activity of CPG

76
Q

How are postural adjustments to walking made?

A

Require descending influences of cortex and cerebellum

NOT CONTROLLED BY CPG

77
Q

What is the funciton of basal ganglia?

A

Involved in planning and programming of movements

Input impt. To initiate movement

Controls beginnings and end of movement

78
Q

Said basically, how do basal ganglia work?

A

By inhibition and de-inhibition influences

“excess of GABA”

79
Q

What is the direct pathway also called?

A

Striatonigal GABA pathway

80
Q

What parts of the thalamus are inhibited by basal ganglia?

A

VA and VL

81
Q

What does the cortex release to act on striatum in the indirect pathway?

From what tract?

A

EAA and ACh from intrastriatal tract

82
Q

What is the receptor on striatal neurons in the direct partway?

A

D1 - assoc. with Gs - induces excitability

83
Q

What is the receptor on striatal neurons in the indirect pathways?

A

D2 - assoc. w/ Gi - hyperpolarization

84
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s?

What are the 2 resutls of this?

A

Subst. Nigra Pars Compacta input is abolished

  1. Direct pathway hard to activate
  2. Indirect pathways is overactive
85
Q

What cortex is Association with voluntary motion?

A

Prefrontal cortex

86
Q

What are the 2 functions seen iwth the prefrontal cortex

A

Judgment

  1. Plans complex motor actions
  2. Carries out thought processes
87
Q

Interaction with what regions of the brain determine IF motion will occur?

A

Frontal, premotor, SMC, and basal ganglia

88
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex interact with for voluntary motion to occur?

A

W/ parieto-temporal-occipital association area and all levels of the motor cortex and cerebellum.

Frontal assoc. area, supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex and cerebrocerebellum

89
Q

Once a motion is planned, sequenced and approved what will be activated in order to initiate movement?

A

Columns in PMC

90
Q

How do you get from columns —> muscles?

A

APs down axons of pyramidal cells to alpha MNs —> ms.

91
Q

What is the role of alpha-gamma co-activation int he production of voluntary motion?

A

Voluntary motion requires that if the
Brain activates the alpha MN, it must also activate the Gamma MN for spindles in contracting muscle (agonist)

And vice versa

92
Q

Why do the alpha and gamma need to be co activated?

A

Bc muscle spindle will oppose motion, bc the muscles are being stretched.

Gamma comes in and reduces the sensitivity of the msucle spindles in antagonist muscle

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