Diabetes

Question 1

pathophysiology of type 1

Answer 1

autoimmune-mediated pancreatic beta cell destruction (insulin deficiency)

Question 2

pathophysiology of type 2

Answer 2

insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and/or increased hepatic glucose production

Question 3

ADA A1c goal

Answer 3

< 7%

Question 4

ADA fasting blood glucose

Answer 4

80-130

Question 5

ADA post-prandial

Answer 5

< 180

Question 6

preventing complications of diabetes

Answer 6

glycemic control, self monitoring of blood glucose and ketones, medical nutrition therapy, tobacco use, eye care, dental care, skin care, foot care, medication adherence, sick day management

Question 7

alternate testing sites when blood sugar is stable

Answer 7

forearms, upper arms, thigh, calf and palm

Question 8

appropriate to check for ketones when

Answer 8

blood glucose levels > level set by PCP, experiencing nausea and vomiting or abdominal pain, acutely ill, unusually thirsty accompanied by dry mouth, having difficulty breathing or fruity breath, increased confusion

Question 9

what insulin is available OTC?

Answer 9

Humulin R, Novolin R, Humulin N, and Novolin N

Question 10

insulin regular

Answer 10

clear appearance, inject 30 minutes before meal

Question 11

insulin NPH

Answer 11

cloudy appearance, inject twice per day 12 hours apart

Question 12

storage of insulin

Answer 12

store at room temp for about one month, unopened insulin should be refrigerated, keep away from sunlight and heat

Question 13

insulin injection sites

Answer 13

abdomen, back of arm, buttocks, thighs

Question 14

capacity for syringes

Answer 14

0.3 mL (30 units)
0.5mL (50 units)
1mL (100 units)

Question 15

length for syringes

Answer 15

5mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 12.7mm

Question 16

hypoglycemia

Answer 16

< 70

Question 17

symptoms of low blood sugar

Answer 17

trembling, shaking, dizziness, sweating, palpitations, tachycardia, slow thinking, difficulty concentrating, lack of coordination, blurred vision

Question 18

consume ___________ in the case of hypoglycemia

Answer 18

15 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates

Question 19

milk

Answer 19

8 oz - 1 cup

Question 20

fruit just or a soft drink (not diet)

Answer 20

4 oz - 1.2 cup

Question 21

sugar

Answer 21

1 tbsp - 3 cubes

Question 22

raisins

Answer 22

2 tbsp

Question 23

candies

Answer 23

3 pieces of hard candy

5-6 skittles, life savers or jelly beans

Question 24

glucose tablets

Answer 24

3-4 tablets

Question 25

glucose gels

Answer 25

typically the entire 15g tube

Question 26

immunizations that are recommended in patients with diabetes

Answer 26

• flu vaccine
• PPSV23
• Hep B vaccine
• Td booster

Question 27

PPSV23

Answer 27

• indicated in patients with diabetes aged 19 to 64
• if received first dose < 65, next dose 5 years later
• another dose when > 65

Question 28

Hep B

Answer 28

< 60 recommended

> 60 suggested