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altered phys final > Hematological Disorders > Flashcards

Hematological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is anemia?

A

the reduction in the total number of circulating erythrocytes or a decrease in the quality/quantity of hemoglobin

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2
Q

What are the two ways anemias are classified?

A

etiological basis or morphological appearance

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3
Q

What are the two morphological ways to classify anemias?

A

size and hemoglobin content

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4
Q

What are the two macrocytic-normochromic anemias?

A

pernicious and folate-deficiency (folic acid)

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5
Q

What inadequacy causes pernicious anemias?

A

lack of intrinsic factors from gastric parietal cells causing VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY

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6
Q

What causes folate-deficiency anemia?

A

malabsorption of folate, inhibiting DNA synthesis

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7
Q

What are the two microcytic-hypochromic anemias?

A

iron-deficiency and sideroblastic

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8
Q

What two factors can cause iron-deficiency anemia?

A

nutritional deficiency or blood loss

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9
Q

What is the most common type of anemia?

A

iron-deficiency anemia

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10
Q

What causes sideroblastic anemia?

A

bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts instead of normal RBC

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11
Q

What type of anemias have RBC that are normal in size and hemoglobin content, but are insufficient in number?

A

normocytic-normochromic anemias

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12
Q

What type of disease is polycythemia?

A

myeloproliferative and non malignant

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13
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

overproduction of RBC

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14
Q

What factors can cause polycythemia?

A

dehydration (hypoxia -> increases erythropoietin), polycythemia vera

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15
Q

What is polycythemia vera?

A

uncontrolled proliferation of ALL components of blood

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16
Q

What occurs when leukocyte counts are higher than normal?

A

leukocytosis

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17
Q

What occurs when leukocyte counts are lower than normal?

A

leukopenia

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18
Q

What is another name for granulocytosis?

A

neutrophilia

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19
Q

When is granulocytosis evident?

A

evident in the first stages of an infection or inflammation

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20
Q

What is another name form Agranulocytosis?

A

Granulocytopenia

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21
Q

What disease is due to chemo/radiation and what body function does it interfere with?

A

Agranulocytosis, interferes with hematopoiesis

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22
Q

What occurs when there’s an allergic reaction or parasitic invasion?

A

eosinopenia

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23
Q

What occurs when there are inflammation or hypersensitivity reactions?

A

basophilia

24
Q

How does hyperthyroidism affect our WBC?

A

basopenia (lowers our basophil count)

25
Q

What WBC disease is due to the Epstein-Barr virus?

A

lymphocytosis

26
Q

What WBC disease is due to immune deficiencies?

A

lymphocytopenia

27
Q

What is infectious mononucleosis (IM)?

A

infection of B cells through saliva -> through personal contact

28
Q

What most commonly causes infectious mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

29
Q

What severe disease can infectious mononucleosis cause?

A

splenic rupture (rare)

30
Q

What is leukemia?

A

uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes

31
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

overcrowding of bone marrow -> decreased production of normal hematopoietic cells

32
Q

What are the two main types of leukemia?

A

acute and chronic

33
Q

What is acute leukemia?

A

presence of undifferentiated or immature blast cells

34
Q

Which leukemia is most common in children?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

35
Q

Which leukemia is most common in adults

A

acute myelogenous leukemia

36
Q

What is chronic leukemia?

A

presence of mature blast cells that do not function properly

37
Q

What chronic leukemia occurs when too many blood cells are made in the bone marrow?

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

38
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

enlarged lymph nodes

39
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

diverse group of neoplasms that result from too many malignant lymphocytes in the LYMPHATIC system

40
Q

Which lymphoma is due to the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

41
Q

Which lymphoma can be cured quickly?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

42
Q

Which lymphoma can be linked to chromosome translocations?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

43
Q

Which lymphoma has clones of immature T cells that become malignant in the thymus?

A

Lymphoblastic lymphoma

44
Q

Which lymphoma occurs when there’s malignant proliferation of plasma cells?

A

multiple myeloma

45
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

enlarged spleen

46
Q

What do you call a low platelet count?

A

thrombocytopenia

47
Q

Which vitamin is necessary for synthesis and regulation of coagulant factors?

A

Vitamin K

48
Q

Which disease causes a broad range of hemostasis?

A

liver disease

49
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

a complex, acquired disorder in which clotting and hemorrhage occur simultaneously

50
Q

What is increased during disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

protease activity -> thrombin release -> clotting

51
Q

What’s the most common type of non-Hodgkins lymphoma in children?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

52
Q

Which type of thrombocytopenia causes IgG coated platelets to be removed?

A

immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

53
Q

What is the most common of the childhood bleeding disorders?

A

ITP

54
Q

What causes platelets to aggregate and clot arterioles and capillaries?

A

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

55
Q

What is the myeloproliferative disorder of platelet precursor cells?

A

essential thrombocythemia

altered phys final (6 decks)

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