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altered phys final > Female Anatomy > Flashcards

Female Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Disorder of hormone resistance due to mutations in androgen receptor
May result in female phenotype despite male genotype

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2
Q

What happens during puberty for females and what age?

A

Development of secondary sex characteristics
Rapid growth
Ability to reproduce
Age of onset is multifactorial—typically ages 8 to 13 years

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3
Q

What are the three stages in the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular, ovulatory and luteal

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4
Q

What are the three phases in the uterine cycle?

A

menstruation, proliferative, secretory

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5
Q

when does precocious puberty occur?

A

Sexual maturation before age 6 in black girls and age 7 in white girls
Sexual maturation before age 9 in boys

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6
Q

What factors cause precocious puberty?

A

Obesity
Increased protein consumption
Effects of common household products
Lethal CNS tumours

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7
Q

What is Primary dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles

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8
Q

What is secondary dysmenorrhea?

A

Related to pelvic pathology

May occur any time in the menstrual cycle

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9
Q

What is Primary amenorrhea?

A

Failure of menarche and absence of menstruation by age 13 without development of secondary sex characteristics or by age 15 regardless of presence of secondary sex characteristics

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10
Q

What are the 4 compartment disorders under primary amenorrhea?

A

I—Anatomical defects
II—Involve the ovary, genetic disorders, and androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
III—Involve anterior pituitary gland and result in failure of hormonal signalling to ovaries
IV—CNS disorders, primarily hypothalamic defects

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11
Q

What is secondary amenorrhea?

A

Absence of menses after previous menstrual periods

Common in early adolescence, pregnancy, lactation, and during perimenopause

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12
Q

What causes Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

A 
Two of the following:
Few or anovulatory menstrual cycles
Elevated levels of androgens
Polycystic ovaries
Associated with genetic predisposition and obesity
-Insulin resistance
-Excessive insulin and androgens
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13
Q

What is Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) what phase does this occur?

A

PMDD considered a severe, sometimes disabling extension of PMS
Cyclic physical, psychological, or behavioural changes that impair interpersonal relationships or interfere with usual activities
occurs in luteal phase

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14
Q

What is Pelvic inflammatory disease and what are some causes?

A

Acute inflammatory process caused by infection
May involve any organ of the upper genital tract
Sexually transmitted infections migrate from the vagina to the upper genital tract
Associated with multiple sexual partners, being sexually active at a younger age (under 25 years of age) previous PID, IUD for birth control

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15
Q

What is Cervicitis?

A

Inflammation of the cervix
Infectious or noninfectious cause
Chemicals and substances introduced into the vagina
Disruptions in the normal vaginal flora

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16
Q

What is uterine prolapse?

A

Descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal or completely through the vagina
Grade 1
Not treated unless it causes discomfort
Grades 2 and 3
Cause feelings of fullness, heaviness, and collapse through the vagina

17
Q

How do you treat uterine prolapse?

A

Kegel exercises
Estrogen therapy
Surgery is treatment of last resort

18
Q

What are benign ovarian cysts?

A

Unilateral

Produced when a follicle or number of follicles are stimulated but no dominant follicle develops and reaches maturity

19
Q

What is cervical cancer associated with?

A

Almost always associated with HPV infection

Causes high-grade dysplasia and cancer

20
Q

How does cancer progress?

A

Progresses slowly
Normal cervical epithelial cells to dysplasia to carcinoma in situ and, eventually, invasive cancer
usually asymptomatic

21
Q

What is vaginal cancer?

A

Usually squamous cell carcinoma

Associated with high-risk HPVs

22
Q

What is vulvar cancer?

A

Usually squamous cell carcinoma

Associated with HPV, increasing age, previous cancer, autoimmune conditions, and immunosuppression

23
Q

What is endometrial cancer?

A

Most common type of uterine cancer and gynecological malignancy
Primary risk factor is unopposed estrogen exposure

24
Q

What is ovarian cancer?

A

Responsible for more deaths than all other gynecological malignancies
Risk reduced by factors that suppress ovulation

25
Q

What are the three types of ovarian cells?

A

Germ cells
Endocrine and interstitial hormone-producing cells
Epithelial cells

26
Q

What is infertility?

A

Inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
Female infertility results from dysfunction of the normal reproductive process
-Menses and ovulation
-Fallopian tube function
-Implantation of fertilized egg

27
Q

What are the two classifications for benign breast disease?

A

Nonproliferative breast lesions

Proliferative breast disease without atypia

28
Q

What are the 6 hormonal factors that affect breast cancer?

A

Protective effect of an early (i.e., in the 20s) first pregnancy
Protective effect of removal of the ovaries and pituitary gland
Increased risk associated with early menarche, late menopause, and nulliparity
Relationship between types of fat, free estrogen levels, and oxidative changes in estrogen metabolism
Hormone-dependent development and differentiation of mammary gland structures
Efficacy of antihormone therapies for treatment and prevention of breast cancer

29
Q

How does Prolactin and growth hormone (GH) cause breast cancer?

A

GH induces the production of IGFs in the liver; IGF signalling is important for breast development and is implicated in breast carcinogenesis

30
Q

What are the two genes related to breast cancer?

A

-BRCA1 (breast cancer 1 gene)
Located on chromosome 17
Tumour-suppressor gene
Carriers are at higher risk for breast and ovarian cancer
-BRCA2 (breast cancer 2 gene)
Located on chromosome 13
More likely in men who develop breast cancer

31
Q

what is the pathogenesis of breast cancer?

A

Arise from the ductal/lobular epithelium as carcinoma in situ
Proliferation of epithelial cells that is confined to the ducts and lobules
Infiltrating (invasive) ductal type
Tumours stay small but metastasize early
70 to 80% of breast cancers
Heterogeneous
Diverse molecular, biological, phenotypical, and pathological changes

32
Q

What are the manifestations of breast cancer?

A 
Painless lump
Palpable nodes in axilla
Dimpling of skin
Edema
Bone pain
33
Q

how is breast cancer treated?

A 
Based on stage of cancer
Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Hormone therapy
Biological therapy

altered phys final (6 decks)

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