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Medical Cell Biology and Genetics > L11- DNA introduction > Flashcards

L11- DNA introduction Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is found in the nucleus packaged into

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

heterochromatin

A

condensed- darker

- genes not expressed

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3
Q

euchromatin

A

uncondensed- light

- genes expressed

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4
Q

DNA is made up of

A

genes

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5
Q

central dogma

A

DNA–> RNA –> proteins

genes in the nucleus encode proteins found in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

how many m of DNA in each cells and what’s its width

A

2m, 6um

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7
Q

width of DNA helix

A

2nm

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8
Q

linear DNA (DNA helix) is packaged first by

A

wrapping its self around histone core twice (nucleosome)

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9
Q

nucleosome

A

histone with DNA wrapped around twice

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10
Q

nucleosomes are linked by

A

linker DNA and look like beads on a screen

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11
Q

beads on a screen

A

euchromatin

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12
Q

beads on a string packaged tighter into

A

solenoid

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13
Q

solenoid

A
  • 30nm fibre (heterochromatin- genes not expressed)
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14
Q

solenoids loops form to create

A

chromosomes

- no gene expression not accessible for transcription e

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15
Q

one chromosome=

A

one DNA molecule

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16
Q

one chromosome after replication

A

2 DNA molecules connected by a centromere

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17
Q

end of chromosomes called

A

telomeres

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18
Q

smaller arms

A

p arm

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19
Q

longer arms

A

q arms

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20
Q

a gene is a

A

stretch of DNA that codes for a protein

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21
Q

genes are located on

A

the chromosomes in a fixed location

- diff genes have diff chromosomal locations

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22
Q

how many genes carried on chromosomes

A

25,000

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23
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A 
23 pairs (sex chromosomes are a pair)
- 46 overall
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24
Q

nucleic acid=

A

linear polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides)

- negatively charged due to phosphate groups

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25
Q

what makes up a nucleotide

A

base + sugar (phosphate). + phosphate

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26
Q

difference between ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acid

A

ribonucleotide has two hydroxyl group

deoxyribonucleotide has one hydroxyl group

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27
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

forms RNA

- ribose as sugar

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28
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid froms

A

DNA

- 2- deoxyribose as sugar

29
Q

name the 4 bases

A

adenine
guanine
cytosine
thyrmine

30
Q

two types of nitrogenous base

A

purine and pyrimidine

31
Q

purine

A

adenine

guanine

32
Q

pyrimidine

A

thymine
cytosine
uracil

33
Q

nucleoside

A

base + sugar (without phosphate)

34
Q

RNA adenine nucleoside

A

adenosine

35
Q

RNA guanine nucleoside

A

guanosine

36
Q

RNA uracil nucleoside

A

uridine

37
Q

RNA cytosine nucleoside

A

cytidine

38
Q

DNA adenine nucleoside

A

deoxyadenosine

39
Q

DNA guanine nucleoside

A

deoxyguanosine

40
Q

DNA thymine nucleoside

A

deoxythymidine

41
Q

DNA cytosine nucleoside

A

deoxycytidine

42
Q

RNA adenine nucleotide

A

adenosine monophosphate

43
Q

RNA guanine nucleotide

A

guanosine monophosphate

44
Q

RNA uracil nucleotide

A

uridine monophosphate

45
Q

RNA cytosine nucleotide

A

cytidine monophosphate

46
Q

DNA adenine nucleotide

A

deoxyadenosine monophosphate

47
Q

DNA guanine nucleotide

A

deoxyguanosine monophosphate

48
Q

DNA cytosine nucleotide

A

deoxycytosine monophosphate

49
Q

DNA thymine nucleotide

A

deoxythymidine monophosphate

50
Q

DNA and RNA run in the

A

5’ to 3’ direction

51
Q

what are nucleotides joined together by

A

phosphodiester bonds

52
Q

5’ end of DNA always has a

A

phosphate at the end

53
Q

3’ end of DNA always has an

A

OH at the end

54
Q

which parts of the nucleotides form hydrogen bonds

A

electronegative and electropositive sides

55
Q

how many bonds between G-C

A

3 hydrogen bonds (strongest)

56
Q

how many bonds between A- T and A-U

A

2 hydrogen bonds

57
Q

DNA strands in the alpha helical structure run

A

anti-parallel
right handed
Minor and major grooves

58
Q

order of cell cycle

A

Mitosis —>G1 —> Synthesis of DNA (replication) —> G2 —> Mitosis again

59
Q

interphase includes

A

G1, S, G2

60
Q

division

A

M

61
Q

DNA replication is a ….. process

A

semi-conservative

- 1 strand of old and 1 new strand

62
Q

DNA replication is catalysed by

A

DNA polymerase

- reaction driven by pyrophosphate hydrolysis

63
Q

chain growth occurs from the

A

5’ to 3’

64
Q

prokaryotes have different DNA to humans

A

naked circular chromosomes

65
Q

outline DNA replication (simple)

A
  • initiation
  • elongation
  • termination
66
Q

detailed outline of DNA replication (prokaryotes)

A

1) DNA helices unwinds the DNA strand at origin of replication site
2) recruitment of DNA polymerase
3) primase produces primer which binds to single stranded DNA (Polymerase requires- can only add from 3’ end)
4) DNA polymerase elongates int he 5’ to 3’ direction
5) 3’ end of the DNA continuous replication
6) 5’ end will make strands in little fragments (Okazaki fragments)
7) helices continues to unwind double helix- moving the replication fork
8) termination- when replication forks meet each other and DNA ligase has joined everything

67
Q

DNA replication in humans

A

many origins of replication
• Before replication: One chromosomes= 1 DNA molecules
• After replication: One chromosome = 2 DNA molecules

68
Q

lagging strand

A

o 5’ end will make strands in little fragments- Okazaki fragments

69
Q

leading strand

A

o continual replication

Medical Cell Biology and Genetics (33 decks)

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