3-reciprocity

Question 1

who first proposed the idea of reciprocity + when?

- what is it?

Answer 1

Trivers 1971
if benefit of altruistic act to receiver greater than cost to donor then if reciprocated in the future, both participants gain

Question 2

what is the prisoner’s dilemma? (CHECK NOTES)

Answer 2

may gain benefit but not rapy donor in future

Question 3

in the prisoner’s dilemma when will the player always defect?

Answer 3

when:
temptation to defect (T)> mutual coop (R) > punishment for mutual defection (P)> suckers pay off (S)
when: R > (S + T/2)

Question 4

in the prisoner’s dilemma what is the pay off if both players defect?

Answer 4

pay off is less than if they both cooperated

- defect is an ESS

Question 5

can individuals escape the dilemma?

Answer 5

NO: if single/fixed number of encounter- defect always ESS
YES: if repeated/indeterminate encounters (players don’t know when last round of game is)

Question 6

what is the tit for tat strategy

Answer 6

• coop on first move then do what partner did

- can be ESS if high prob of re-encounter

Question 7

what is the vampire bat example for tit for tat strategy by Wilkinson 1984? (5)

Answer 7

• kin more likely to swap blood
• unsuccessful foragers fed by successful
• high chance of future interaction
• high benefit to recipient, low cost to donor
• donation reciprocated

Question 8

what were carter and wilkinson’s 2013 criticisms of the vampire bat findings? (2)

Answer 8

• sharing is kin selected

- sharing with non kin is hassling to get food, mistaken identity

Question 9

what is the primate grooming and alliance example for reciprocation?

Answer 9

recent grooming by subordinate vervet monkeys increased dominants tolerance of them at food sources

Question 10

describe each of the 3 phases of predator mobbing in pied flycatchers by Krams 2008

Answer 10

1: pair A presented with stuffed owl, mobbed the owl, pair from group C help mob owl
2: A helps pair C in return instead of new pair B
3: owl at B then pair from C helps B, A doesn’t help B has had not previously had help
- cooperators assisted at high frequency but not to defectors

Question 11

why is reciprocity considered rare in nature with limited evidence for it?

Answer 11

few examples in natural systems and conflicting views

Question 12

what are reciprocal interactions rarely?

Answer 12

dyadic

Question 13

in reciprocity what is developed and what is terminated?

Answer 13

profitable relationships

terminate unproductive ones

Question 14

what is punished/ what is enforced?

Answer 14

defecation

cooperation

Question 15

what does current evidence suggest about the importance of reciporcity

Answer 15

not that important except in humans

Question 16

who discovered the biological market theory and when?

Answer 16

Noe and Hammerstein 1994

Question 17

what are the 3 components of biological market theory

Answer 17

• holding class: holds access to social commodity
• demanding class: seeks access to social commodity
• trade dynamics: interaction between classes, supply and demand, advertisement

Question 18

what is the biological mating market for macaques? + who

Answer 18

Gumert 2007
Grooming duration was related to female supply
- 89% of females were groomed and 37% of these led to mating

Question 19

what has biological market led to the idea of?

Answer 19

that there are different kinds of reciprocity

Question 20

what are the 3 types of reciprocity?

Answer 20

direct
generalised
indirect

Question 21

what is generalised reciprocity?

Answer 21

if helped by someone then should be helpful others in return

Question 22

what is the Norway rats example for generalised reciprocity + who?

Answer 22

Taborsky 2007

• 2 rats in adjacent cages
• 1 treatment encountered coop rats the other encountered no reciprocity
• food lever pulling frequency 21% higher after experiencing help/ cooperative environment

Question 23

what is indirect reciprocity?

Answer 23

• help someone who is helpful
• reputation of importance
• means others know you are likely to cooperate

Question 24

what costs does punishment incur to actor and recipient?

Answer 24

some to actor but greater to recipient

Question 25

describe the dinoponera ant example of indirect reciprocity + who?

Answer 25

Monnin et al 2002

• F wait to become alpha
• no queen
• alpha/dominant F reproduced
• if challenged alpha marks challenger with pheromone then this F is punished by the others

Question 26

what is the honesty box contribution example of indirect reciprocity?

Answer 26

money contribution 3X greater when images of eyes added to the room rather than flowers

Question 27

according to Taborsky 2013: who developed evolutionary game theory?

Answer 27

john maynard smith

Question 28

according to Taborsky 2013: the recent importance of reciprocity

Answer 28

low

Question 29

according to Taborsky 2013: what can reciprocity generate?

Answer 29

evolutionary stable cooperation

Question 30

according to Taborsky 2013: is reciprocal aid confined to one thing?

Answer 30

no as primates will exchange grooming for both food and partners

Question 31

GO TO APS 209 DECK 8

Answer 31

Adelie penguin example - reciprocity