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APS357- conflict + coop > 14-dunnock + alpine accentor > Flashcards

14-dunnock + alpine accentor Flashcards

1
Q

what can studying a single species give?

A

valuable insights into evo of mating systems, especially if variation in this system

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2
Q

what is the ecological basis for mating system variation based on?

A

distribution of resources, determining F ranges which in turn determines

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3
Q

describe the dunnock mating system basis + territory (4)

A
  • F have discrete territories + defend them against other F
  • Alpha/dominant + beta males never related
  • polyandrous F have larger territory size with larger range
  • mating system depends on F territory size
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4
Q

what differs for the males if females have small vs large ranges?

A

small: M can defend + monopolise single F
large: M cant defend territory so beta M will set up territory

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5
Q

what did Davies + Lundberg 1984 find for territory size and food availability?

A

F territory size dependent on resource distribution/ food availability
- when F more fed occupied smaller range

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6
Q

give 5 points about alpine accentors

A
  • all polygynandrous
  • usually 3 F + 3 M in territory
  • overlapping ranges
  • large ranges needed to exploit spatially + temporally patchy prey distribution
  • large range so M cant defend single F so 2-4 M share undefended range
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7
Q

which of the species has a larger range?

A

alpine accentors

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8
Q

why are alpine accentors only polygynandrous?

A

large ranges of alpine are undefendable by M

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9
Q

what is the result of the difference in altitude for the 2 bird species and which has the higher altitude?

A

alpine: higher altitude> variable conditions with more insects in summer
dunnocks: lower altitude> food more predictable + abundant

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10
Q

what kind of range do alpines have and where?

A

large- over N + S sides of mountains

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11
Q

where do alpine accentors live?

where do dunnocks live?

A

french alps

cambridge

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12
Q

what does variation within and between species depend on?

A

distribution of resources

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13
Q

give 5 points about accentor breeding biology

A
  • F build nest
  • lays 3-5 eggs
  • F incubates
  • both sexes feed chicks
  • pair often have 2 broods per year
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14
Q

according to Hartley et al 2013 what can determine offspring behaviour?

A

mode of parental investment/ hatching asymmetry

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15
Q

in the dunnocks what did davies + hatchwell 1983 discover (3)?

A
  • M detected when F fertile
  • when F delayed start of incubation 1 day after clutch completion, M guarded less intensely
  • when model egg put in nest it was used as a cue to value copulation
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16
Q

give 4 points about monogamy in dunnocks

A
  • M guard F
  • F solicits, M pecks cloaca, until F ejects sperm from earlier matings
  • copulate 1-2 times hour
  • M monopolises matings
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17
Q

in dunnocks what % paternity do monogamous M gain?

A

100%

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18
Q

is chick feeding equal between M and F in the dunnock?

A

yes

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19
Q

give 3 points about polygyny in dunnocks

A
  • polygynous M guard + copulate with 2 F
  • M either invest in brood of 1 F but not the other or divide investment between the 2 if fertile at the same time
  • M gain 100% paternity
20
Q

give 7 points about polyandry in dunnocks

A
  • M compete to copulate
  • alpha M get the most
  • F may sneak off with beta M
  • paternity may be shared
  • M parental care varies
  • alpha M always cares
  • beta M sometimes do nothing but sometimes care
21
Q

in polyandry what often happens to paternity?

A

shared between alpha or beta males

22
Q

how big are the territories for F and M for dunnocks and alpine accentors?

A

dunnocks: F= 0.2-1ha, M= 0.2-2ha

alpine accentors: F= 6-30ha, M= 9-38ha

23
Q

what is the association between paternity + chick feeding for beta M in trios?

A

beta male decision to feed or not was dependent on if they had paternity

24
Q

how do M know they have paternity?

A
  • could be based on mating success

- could monitor own mating success relative to alpha male

25
Q

what does care invested by dunnock beta males correlate with?
- but what else may it be?

A

the proportion if matings obtained

- could be variation in quality of beta males is due to more matings as a result of higher quality male

26
Q

what is parental care by dunnock beta males affected by?

- do alpine accentors also show this?

A

mating success

yes

27
Q

what is the alpine accentors breeding biology?

A
  1. M compete to mate with F
  2. variable mating success reflected in paternity
  3. variable male parental care explained by paternity
28
Q

in F dunnocks what % of F desert eggs?

a) monogamy
b) polyandry
c) polygyny

A

a) 20%
b) 8%
c) 39%

29
Q

what is the competition like between F dunnocks?

A

often poly F would fight to the death to interrupt breeding attempt of another F and encourage beta M to mate with them

30
Q

what should F do to maximise parental investment?

A

copulate with both M in her group

aiming for a 50:50 share of matings between alpha and beta M

31
Q

what do F alpine accentors do to convince M they have some paternity?

A

copulate up to 1,000 times per clutch

32
Q

what do alpine accentors have?

A

huge testes and large cloacal protuberance

33
Q

how do F alpine accentors solicit copulations?

A

bright red cloaca to display M to attract them + sing to attract M when fertile

34
Q

in the dunnocks what % chick starvation was there with each level of male help?

a) none
b) 1 part time
c) 1 full time
d) 2 full time

A

a) 81%
b) 74%
c) 27%
d) 6%

35
Q

what did hatchwell + davies 1990 discover for reproductive success of dunnocks (7)?

A
  • 1 full time: mono
  • 2 full time: polyandry
  • M + F provision at similar rates in pairs
  • in trios F + alpha M fed chicks at similar rates, higher than beta M
  • F gained max help if 2 M shared provisioning equally
  • if alpha M removed beta male increased provisioning
  • paternal care critical for F reproductive success
36
Q

in alpine accentors what did more feeds/parental care by M result in?

A

a positive effect on conditions of nestlings so have higher mean weight + more likely survive after fledging

37
Q

what were davies et al 1995 findings for alpine accentor? (3)?

A
  • secual conflict similar ro dunnocks where F gain through increased M help with shared paternity with multiple M
  • alpha M do best by monopolising all matings
  • diff in dunnock + accentor mating systems is related to ecology where dunnocks varibale mating system reflects derivation from mountain living ancestor
38
Q

under what conditions are F worse off?

A

polygyny

39
Q

what does monogamy provide?

A

intermediate success

40
Q

why do M do better in polygyny?

A

even though F have lower success they produce more young together than mono

41
Q

why does F prefer polyandry?

A

more young produced but M worse off as have to share paternity with other M

42
Q

In F dunnocks where is the highest reproductive success?

A

polyandry as mroe young raised (6.7 young vs 3.8 for polygyny) BUT M have to share paternity

43
Q

In M dunnocks where is the highest reproductive success?

A

polygynous as more young raised (7.6 young)

44
Q

when do M and F dunnocks have the same reproductive success?

A

if monogamous

45
Q

what ‘sets the scene’?

A

ecological factors

APS357- conflict + coop (16 decks)

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