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APS357- conflict + coop > 8-role of kin selection > Flashcards

8-role of kin selection Flashcards

1
Q

give 2 direct fitness benefits

A
  • current reproduction

- increased future reproduction

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2
Q

in what 2 ways is future reproduction increased?

A
  • acquisition of skills/mate/territory

- group augmentation (increased survival in larger groups)

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3
Q

give an indirect/kin selected fitness benefit and 2 components of this

A

increased fitness of relatives

  • better productivity
  • better survival of breeders
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4
Q
  • what does each transition in the evolution of life on earth involve?
  • what aims to understand each transition?
  • what logic is used?
A
  • cooperation
  • modern social evolution theory
  • IFT logic
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5
Q

what is eusociality?

A

‘true sociality’ with non reproductive/sterile castes

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6
Q

what is the hypothesis for why individuals join together to become mutually dependent?

A

high relatedness between individuals played key role in transition to sociality

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7
Q

according to Boomsma 2007/9 what is the monogamy hypothesis for the origin of social groups?

A

strict lifetime monogamy (F only mates once) results in individuals equally related to offspring + their siblings (r=0.5)

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8
Q

according to the monogamy hypothesis what does a small net benefit from raising siblings rather than offspring favour?

A

cooperation and potentially eusociality

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9
Q

what happens if F mates multiple times

A

average r to siblings decreases

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10
Q

what are the 2 main predictions of the monogamy hypothesis?

A
  • all eusocial species pass through monogamy window

- multiple mating may evolve later, after specialisation

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11
Q

how do non social organisms become eusocial?

A

through cooperative transition involving relatedness which is determined by strict lifetime monogamy

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12
Q

what did Hughes et al 2008 discovr about eusocial linages?

A

all eusocial lineages have passed through an ancestral monogamy window (were once monogamous)

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13
Q

what did Lukas and Clutton brock 2012 find about if the monogamy hypothesis applies to mammals?

A
  • if strong reproductive skew then high relatedness in the social group
  • strong skew in coop groups, supporting monogamy hypothesis
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14
Q

how did cornwallis 2010 show how the monogamy hypothesis applies to birds? (3)

A
  • no strict monogamy but was still lower in non coop species
  • high r when low promiscuity in coop groups
  • more promiscuity in non coop groups
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15
Q

what is the hypothesis for coop breeding evolution in birds?

A

evolved in kin groups

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16
Q

in hatchwells study of birds what % of families and species did cooperation occur in:

a) kin groups
b) non kin groups

A

a) kin: 82% families
92% species

b) non kin: 18% families
8% species

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17
Q

why is kinship important in the evo of coop?

A

creates opportunity for kin selection to operate

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18
Q

in Reiehl 2013 study of 213 coop breeding species what %:

  • helped in family groups
  • helped in groups with kin and non kin
  • lived mainly with non kin
  • total helped
A
  • 55%
  • 30%
  • 15%
  • 85%
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19
Q

what groups predominate among coop breeders and what are the exceptions?

A

kin groups

- cooperative polygamists where all individuals attempting to breed

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20
Q

give 2 points about kinship importance

A
  • inbreeding avoidance reduces conflict within groups over reproduction
  • kin selected helping often assumed to be important
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21
Q

in the white fronted bee eater why is it good to be in a large group?

A

successful at reproduction and more fledglings per nest

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22
Q

why is a larger group size beneficial for princess of burundi cichlids?

A

more eggs per brood and more helpers to enhance productivity of relatives

23
Q

what are the 4 sceptics views of evidence for kin selection?

A
  1. confounding effects of territory/individual quality on relationship between helpers and productivity
  2. direct benefits of helping underestimated
  3. costs of kin competition ignored
  4. evidence for active kin discrimination weak
24
Q

give 2 points relating to confounding effects of territory on relationships between helpers and productivity

A
  • successful breeders more likely have helpers

- relationship between productivity + group size could be driven by territory or breeder quality rather than helpers

25
Q

what did Legge 2000 find when studying the laughing kookaburra, comparing productivity when different number of helpers

A
  • productivity increases with group size

- when same no of M and more F helpers, productivity reduced as F hinder reproduction

26
Q

for ‘direct benefits of helping underestimated’ what did clutton-brock find for paternity in fairy wrens:

a) superb fairy wren
b) splendid fairy wren

A

a) 72% EPP

b) 73% EPP

27
Q

for ‘direct benefits of helping underestimated’ what did Richardson et al 2002 find for how relatedness can assess the role of kin selection in seychelles warblers?

A

low kinship and direct rather than indirect fitness benefits dominate role for kin selection

28
Q

for ‘direct benefits of helping underestimated’ according to Komdeur 1994:

a) helpers usually F are assumed to be what?
b) why was kin selection shown to be important?
c) what is the kinship of helpers to the brood?
d) what are direct fitness benefits mainly dominated by?

A

a) non reproductive, close kin (r=0.5)
b) 44% subordinates reproduce, 40% young in nest from EPP
c) r=0.13
d) EPP

29
Q

what may individuals inclusive fitness be reduced by?

A

competition with kin

30
Q

is the evidence for active kin discrimination weak?

A

no- is good evidence

31
Q

what were Wright et al 2010 findings for bell miners for active kin discrimination? (6)

A
  • more related helpers there are the harder they work
  • consistent with adaptive coop investment + kin selected care by relatives
  • average nest attended by 8.63 helpers
  • visit rates altered according to genetic relatedness
  • helpers provide 60% total food delivery
  • offspring assisted may later become helpers and enhance reproductive success of helper that raised them
32
Q

how does group augmentation favour the evolution of altruism?

A

if helpers raise reproductive success due to benefits of living in larger groups

33
Q

what did Griffin and West 2003 find for kin discrimination?

A

meta-analysis finding significant kin discrimination within species in 17 species studied

34
Q

how many species of bird did Green et al 2016 do a comparative analysis of and what 2 things were found to vary?

A

37 species

  • helper effort
  • kinship
35
Q

what did Green et al 2016 find variation in helper effort is consistent with?

A

hamilton’s rule

36
Q

what is kin selection a key driver in?

A

helping behaviour

37
Q

give findings of Green et al 2016 for bird helper effort? (4)

A
  • as mean r increases so does species specific helper contributions
  • caring for young is trade off between fitness from current investment and cost of investment for future fitness gains
  • breeders benefit from reduced repro costs if reduce provisioning rate when helped
  • supports IFT
38
Q

according to Green et al 2016 what can more f biased sex ratios show?

A

strong ecological constraints on dispersal so F remain in natal territory

  • higher r in groups
  • could select for higher provisioning efforts by helpers
39
Q

for the importance of kin selection for the evo of coop breeding systems in vertebrates where is there strong evidence?

A
  • circumstantial evidence

- single species studies

40
Q

give 3 examples to show how there is variable importance for kin selection in species

A
  1. fairy wren + seychelles warbler: low r so small kinship importance
  2. white fronted bee eater + florida scrub jay: kinship major driver of coop breeding
  3. pied kingfisher: some related + some unrelated helpers
41
Q

when can kin selection not explain coop breeding?

A

in species where groups don’t contain relatives

42
Q

explain Reihl et al 2010 groove billed ani example of coop breeding in unrelated individuals (4)

A
  • monogamous pairs lay eggs in single nest, contributing to communal clutch
  • group members not genetic relatives
  • F lay larger clutches to compensate for egg loss
  • coop breeding favoured by direct, shared benefits that outweigh competition costs
43
Q

explain guira cuckoo breeding as studied by Macedo et al 2004 (4)

A
  • polygynandrous: several M and F breeders
  • higher reproductive skew in first nesting of the season and often nests failed
  • nests that reached incubation have lower skew
  • social organisation important to determine reproductive success
44
Q

explain Taiwan yuhina breeding as studied by Yuan et al 2004 (3)

A
  • more than 1 pair contributes eggs to group nest
  • 2-7 breeding adults in a group
  • only 6% juveniles stay in group so group mainly non kin
45
Q

what is the evidence like for kin selections role in the evolution of coop breeding systems

A

is evidence but relative importance of direct + indirect benefits varies across species

46
Q

according to hatchwell 2009 what do most avian societies live in?

A

kin based groups

47
Q

what did cockburn 2006 discover about coop breeding?

A

it evolved multiple times

48
Q

according to hatchwell 2009 how may fitness gains be maximised?

A

kin recognition needed

49
Q

according to hatchwell 2009 how can kinship reduce conflict?

A

through inbreeding avoidance

50
Q

according to hatchwell 2009 what have many studies shown evidence for to do with ecological/demographic constraints?

A

evidence that these constraints limit dispersal and promote cooperation

51
Q

according to hatchwell 2009 where has kin association during natal dispersal been recorded?

A

in social and non social birds

52
Q

according to hatchwell 2009 what could be a reason for why certain avian lineage don’t cooperate?

A

low adult mortality

53
Q

according to hatchwell 2009 what did he argue about the relationship between LHH and ECH?

A

they are complementary to each other rather than alternative as both influence dispersal decisions

APS357- conflict + coop (16 decks)

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