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Bacteriology > Lab 12 Fungi > Flashcards

Lab 12 Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi habitat

A

Widely distributed
Environment:
Soil, water, air, decaying material

Animal, human: skin, mucous membranes, gut

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2
Q

Fungi morphology

A

Uni- or multicellular
3-100 mm
Branching

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3
Q

Fungi cell wall

A

Chitin, hemicellulose, mucopolysaccharide, protein, lipid

Imparts rigidity and osmotic stability

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4
Q

Fungi septa

A

Cross walls

Often present in hyphae (central pore)

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5
Q

Components of fungi cell structure

A 
Cell wall
Septa
Cytoplasmic membrane (ergosterol)
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
ER
Mitochondria
Lomasome
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6
Q

Difference between moulds and yeasts

A

M: grow as branching filaments called hyphae: mycelium

Y: oval cells: colonies in a agar plate

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7
Q

Dimorphic

A

Can occur in both mould form and yeast form, depending on temperature

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8
Q

Fungi resistance

A

Sexual spores > asexual spores > vegetative parts

Good resistance
Dehydration: years
High osmotic pressure
Low pH

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9
Q

Fungi staining

A

Unstained
Simple staining: methylene blue

Yeasts are gram pos
PAS: tissue sections

Skin/hair scraping: 10% KOH

Transparent adhesive tape technique

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10
Q

Fungi reproduction sexual spores

A

Zygospora: two hyphae cells
Ascospora: ascus
Basidiospora: on club shaped structures: basidium

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11
Q

General characteristics of fungi

A 
Eukaryotes
Non-photosynthetic
Produces exoenzymes
Obtains nutrients by absorption
Degrades organic materials, recycling
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12
Q

Phylogenetic classification of fungi is based on…?

A

16s and 26s ribosomal RNA gene

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13
Q

Asexual spore formation

A

Two main types of spores: conidia and sporangiospores

Conidia are forms on conidiophores.
Sporangiospores are formed within sporangium

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14
Q

Fungi culture

A

Heterotrophic: organic C, organic/inorganic N
Sabouraud agar (pH 5.5)
Dimorphic fungi in yeast phase: blood agar
Most prefer pH 5-7 except Dermatophytes that need pH 7
Grow aerobically at 25C

Resistant to antimicrobial drugs that are effective against bacteria

Selective culture:
Penicillin
Chloramphenicol
Streptomycin
Cycloheximide
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15
Q

Incubation temp and time of Yeast, Aspergillus sp., and Zygomycetes

A

37C

1-4 days

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16
Q

Incubation temp and time of Dermatophytes

A

25C

2-4 weeks

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17
Q

Incubation temp and time of Dimorphic fungi in mould phase

A

25C

1-4 weeks

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18
Q

Incubation temp and time of Dimorphic fungi in yeast phase

A

37C

1-4 weeks

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19
Q

Fungi biochemical examinations

A

Yeasts, dermatophytes
Mycotoxin production
Production of antibiotics

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20
Q

Fungi antigens

A

Complex

Serological tests in systemic diseases (yeasts)

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21
Q

Identification of fungi is based on:

A

Morphology: micro- and macroscopically
Biochemical features: yeasts
Serological examinations
On basis of genotype: PCR

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22
Q

5 Phyla of fungi

A 
Microspora
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Blastocladiomycota
Glomeromycota: major ecological importance, symbionts with plant roots
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23
Q

Fungi pathogenicity

A

Majority are saprophytes, some cause opportunistic infections
Dermatophytes are pathogens that cause ringworm

Saprophytes: environmental fungi, commensal fungi, fungi of the skin and gut (sometimes facultative pathogens)

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24
Q

Mycosis

A

Tissue invasion

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25
Q

Dermatomycosis

A

Candida sp., Malassezia pachydermatitis

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26
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

Invasion and destruction of keratinized structures

Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp. (moulds)

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27
Q

Subcutaneous mucosis

A

Following penetration by foreign body

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28
Q

Systemic mycosis

A

Prolonged AB therapy, immunosuppression

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29
Q

Mycotoxicosis

A

Ingestion of fungal toxins which have been produced in stored food or standing crops

30
Q

Induction of hypersensitivity

A

Allergy: rare

Associated with chronic pulmonary disease in Bo/Eq

31
Q

Dermatophytes: tricophyton, microsporum
Member of what?
Habitat, affinity

A

Moulds
Members of ascomycota
Affinity to keratinized structures
Colonize and invade skin, hair and nails

32
Q

Dermatophytes morphology and resistance

A

Mycelium is often pigmented

R: arthrospores shed from infected animals, remain infective for many months

33
Q

Dermatophytes culture

A 
Slow growing:
Sabouraud + yeast extract is needed
Obligate aerobic
Tolerate cyclohexamide in media
Macroconidia formed in culture
34
Q

Dermatophytes zoophilic group

A

Obligate pathogens
Cause characteristic circular skin lesions: RINGWORM
M. canis, M. gallinae
T. equinum, T. mentagrophytes, T. verrucosum

35
Q

Trichophyton

Habitat, detection, culture

A

Skin, hair, feather: ringworm
Detection in skin scrapings
Culture: Sabouraud + yeast extract + cycloheximide
pH 7, 1-4 weeks in 25C

36
Q

T. verrucosum

A

Bo, Hu: chlamydospores in chains

37
Q

T. equinum

A

Eq, Hu

38
Q

T. mentagrophytes

A

Ca, Fe, Hu, Rab

39
Q

Microsporum 4 sp

A

M. gypseum (Eq, Ca, Hu)
M. canis (Ca, Fe, Eq, Hu)
M. nanum (Su)
M. gallinae (Chicken, Turkey)

40
Q

Penicillum morphology

A

Conidiophores are brush-like

41
Q

Penicillum

Penicillin producing sp:

A

P. notatum, P. chrysogenum

42
Q

Penicillum mycotoxin producing sp

A

P. rubrum, P. viridicatum

43
Q

Rubratoxin

A

Prod by penicillum sp, mycotoxin in food

Bo hepatotoxicity

44
Q

Ochratoxin

A

Su, Av: renal toxicity

45
Q

Patulin

A

Bo, Ov, Su: inhibition of ruminal flora, acidosis, vomiting in Su

46
Q

Aspergillus sp.

Morphology, culture and member

A

Conidia terminally on the hyphae
Rapidly growing pigmented colonies: black pigment
Member of the phylum Ascomycota

47
Q

Aspergillus sp. pathogenicity

A

Respiratory pathogens, acquired by inhalation of spores

48
Q

A. fumigatus

A

Av lung mycosis, mycosis of eggs and abortion

49
Q

A. flavus

A

Aflatoxin:

Su, Av, Bo: hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, mutagen, carcinogen, teratogen

50
Q

A. ochraceus

A

Ochratoxin: Su, Av

Kidney degeneration

51
Q

Fusarum sp habitat, reproduction, culture

A

In feed

Asexual reproduction, macroconidia, microconidia
Pigment production
Mycotoxin production

52
Q

F. graminearum, F. sporotrichoides

A

T2 and F2 toxins

53
Q

T2 toxin

A

Bo, Su, Av: cytotoxicity, immunosuppression, hemorrhage, Su feed refusal, Bo rumenitis

54
Q

F2 toxin

A

Bo, Su: estrogenic activity, hyperaemia, vulva edema, anestrus, reduced litter size in mature sows, reduced fertility in Bo

55
Q

F. moniliforme

A

Fumonisin production

56
Q

Fumonisin:

A

Leukoencephalomalacia in Eq

Pulmonary edema in Su

57
Q

Stachybotrys

A

S. atra: utilization of cellulose, black colonies
Toxin: stachybotryotoxins
Eq, Ov, Bo, Su: cytotoxicity, hemorrhages, immunosuppression, necrotic lesions in alimentary tract

58
Q

Imperfect yeasts consist of

A

No sexual reproduction
Candida sp
Cryptococcus
Malassezia

59
Q

Candida sp., reproduction

A

No sexual reproduction

Reproduce by forming blastospores, pseudohyphae and septate hyphae

60
Q

Candida species

A

C. albicans: Hu, piglet, calf, poultry: mm
C. guillermondi: Bo genital mm
C. tropicalis
C. krusei

61
Q

Cryptococcus species

A

C. neoformans: large mucopolysacch capsule produced: mucoid colonies, infection derived from environment
Bo, Cap mastitis
Localized granuloma formation, systemic mycosis of Ca, Fe, Eq, Bo

62
Q

Malassezia

A

M. pachydermatis: bottle shaped cells, commensals on skin

Ca, Fe dermatitis, external otitis!! Very imp

63
Q

Dimorphic fungi members

A

Histoplasma
Sporothrix
Coccidiodes
Blastomyces

64
Q

Dimorphic fungi habitat

A

Yeast form: in the host

Mould form: on media or environmemt

65
Q

Histoplasma

A

Tropics, Mediterranean area
H. farciminosum
H. capsulatum

66
Q

H. farciminosum

A

Soil, Eq epizootic lymphangitis

Similar to glanders: differentiation!

67
Q

H. capsulatum

A

Hu, Ca, Fe: systemic respiratory mycosis

68
Q

Sporothrix

A

S. schenckii
Saprophyte on vegetation
Eq, Ca, Fe, Hu subcut granulomatosis: sporocrichosis

69
Q

Coccidiodes

A

C. immitis: soil

Systemic mycosis, lung (Eq, Ca, Fe, Hu)

70
Q

Blastomyces

A

B. dermatitis: soil
Hu, Ca blastomycosis: granulomatosis

Chytridiomycosis of amphibians

Bacteriology (13 decks)

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