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Module 9 > Upper Resp. Passageways- Paranasal sinuses, Anatomy of Nasopharynx (Equine) > Flashcards

Upper Resp. Passageways- Paranasal sinuses, Anatomy of Nasopharynx (Equine) Flashcards

1
Q

what are these structures

A
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2
Q

what are these structures of the nasal cavity in the equine

A
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3
Q

what are these structures

A
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4
Q

what are the palpable landmarks

A
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5
Q

where do the dorsal and ventral nasal conchae form sinuses

A

4-5th cheek teeth (also in ruminants)

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6
Q

what are the features of nasal mucosa

A

very vascular

blood volume alters width the airways

prone to epitaxis

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7
Q

which concha are less developed in equines

A

olfaction ethmoidal conchae

middle concha

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8
Q

what are the conchae present

A

ethmoidal = top

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9
Q

what are the structures 1-4

A
  1. dorsal
  2. middle
  3. ventral
  4. olfaction ethmoidal conchae
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10
Q

nasal cavity transverse section of horse

A
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11
Q

what are the 5 pairs of paranasal sinuses

A
  1. frontal sinus
  2. dorsal conchal sinus
  3. maxillary sinus (rostral and caudal compartments)
  4. ventral conchal sinus
  5. sphenopalatinue sinus
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12
Q

why are the paranasal sinuses clincally important in horses

A
  1. bacterial infection, nasal tumours
  2. access to upper cheek teeth
  3. complex and extensive
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13
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses grouped as because of intercommunication

A
  1. ventral conchal/rostral maxillary sinuses
  2. all others
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14
Q

anatomy of paranasal sinuses

A
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15
Q

anatomy of paranasal sinuses

A
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16
Q

where is the location of the frontal sinus

A

internal and external plates of frontal bone

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17
Q

what is the frontal sinus separated by

A

left and right sides separated by bony septum

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18
Q

where does the frontal sinus extend to

A

rostrally from level with TMJ to level of eye orbit

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19
Q

what does the frontal sinus communicate with

A

rostrally with dorsal conchal sinus via conchofrontal sinus

caudal maxillary sinus via frontomaxillary opening

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20
Q

what separates rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses

A

bony septum

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21
Q

what does the caudal maxillary sinus communicate with and how

A

conchofrontal sinus via frontomaxillary opening

22
Q

what does the sphenopalatine sinus communicate with

A

caudal maxillary sinus

23
Q

what does the ventral conchal sinus communicate with

A

rostral maxillary sinus

24
Q

what does the rostral maxillary sinus communicate with

A

nasal cavity via nasomaxillary opening (located in middle meatus)

25
Q

what are the intercommunication between paranasal sinuses of the horse

A
26
Q

what are the cheek teeth that fill the maxillary sinus

A

3rd and 4th upper cheek teeth - rostral maxillary sinus

5th and 6th upper cheek - caudal maxillary sinus

27
Q

what are the sinuses

A
28
Q

what does the maxillary sinus increase with

A

age

teeth wear and grow down and rostrally enlarging the maxillary sinus (RMS)

29
Q

what is trephining

A

infection alleviated

allows drainage and flushing out

30
Q

what are the clinical landmarks of paranasal sinuses for surgery

A
  1. median cathus of eye
  2. nasoincisive notch
  3. facial crest
  4. infraorbital foramen
31
Q

what are the clinical landmarks of the maxillary sinus

A
  1. rostral: line through infraorbital foramen
  2. caudal: transverse line through middle of the eye
  3. dorsal: line from the medial canthus of the eye to infraorbital foramen
  4. ventral: facial crest and just rostral to its end
32
Q

what are the clinical landmarks of the frontal sinus

A
  1. rostral: transverse line 1/2 way between medial canthus of eye and nasoincisive notch
  2. caudal: transverse line taken 1/2 way along zygomatic arch
  3. dorsal: approx. 2cm from the midline
  4. ventral: dorsal to line from medial canthus of eye to nasoincisive notch
33
Q

what are the features of the soft palate of the nasopharynx in equine

A

extremely long

explains why the equine is an obligate nasal breather

34
Q

what is the palatopharyngeal arch

A

cadaul edges of soft palate

forms a soft cuff around the aditus (entrance) of the larynx

35
Q

what is the net effect of the soft palate and the palatopharyngeal arch

A

laryngeal entrance (aditus) held permanetly up in nasopharynx

36
Q

where is the epiglottis held

A

above soft palate

37
Q

what is the pharyngeal recess and what are the implications

A

median recess located dorsally of nasopharynx

very deep

implications for passing stomach tube

38
Q

what are tubal tonsil located

A

close to opening of auditory tubes

39
Q

where are the entrance to the auditory tubes

A

long, slit like located on lateral walls of nasopharynx

supported by flaps of cartilage

lined with resp epithelium

40
Q

what is occuring here

A

soft palate displacement

the epiglottis has slipped below soft palate

41
Q

what are these structures

A

auditory tube openings

42
Q

what is the guttural pouches lined with

A

mucosa lining the auditory tubes expands into diverticulum on each side

43
Q

how is the guttural pouch divided in

A

stylohyoid bone into medial and lateral compartment

air filled

resp. epithelium

44
Q

what is this structure

A

guttural pouch

45
Q

what is the clinical relevance of the medial compartment of the guttural pouch

A

cranial nerves: glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII)

continuation of sympathetic trunk

internal carotid artery

46
Q

what is the clinical relevance of the lateral compartment of the guttural pouch

A

cranial nerve: facial nerve (VII)

external carotid artery

external maxillary vein

47
Q

what is ventral to each guttural pouch

A

retropharyngeal lymph nodes

48
Q

what is this structure

A
49
Q

what is the function of the guttural pouch

A

unknown

influence internal carotid artery blood pressure or cerebral blood cooling mechanism

50
Q

what is the clinical importance of the guttural pouch

A

infection common

leads to visible swelling and erosion of mucosa lining of the pouch resulting in epitaxis

51
Q

what does chronic guttural pouch cause

A

pressure on cranial nerves (IX, X) –> pharyngeal paralysis and/or laryngeal paralysis

damage to facial nerve (VII) –> rare facial paralysis

hemorrhage from internal carotid artery

abscess in retro-pharyngeal lymph nodes –> strangles

Module 9 (43 decks)

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